1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Representing language

17. Some of the big questions “the horse raced past the barn” Production How do we turn our thoughts into a spoken or written output?

18. Some of the big questions Comprehension “the horse raced past the barn” How do we understand language that we hear/see?

19. Some of the big questions Comprehension Production Representation How do we store linguistic information, how do we retrieve that information? Lexicon Semantic Analysis Syntactic Analysis Word Recognition Letter/phoneme Recognition Formulator Grammatical Encoding Phonological Encoding Articulator Conceptualizer Thought

20. Lexicon Semantic Analysis Syntactic Analysis Word Recognition Letter/phoneme Recognition Formulator Grammatical Encoding Phonological Encoding Articulator Conceptualizer Thought

21. The mental lexicon How are words stored? What are they made up of? How are word related to each other? How do we use them? Mental lexicon The representation of words in long term memory Lexical Access: How do we activate the meanings (and other properties) of words?

22. Lexical primitives Word primitives Morpheme primitives horsehorsesbarnbarnshorse-sbarn

23. Lexical primitives Word primitives Morpheme primitives Economical - fewer representations Slow retrieval - some assembly required Decomposition during comprehension Composition during production Need a lot of representations Fast retrieval

24. Lexical primitives Lexical Decision task See a string of letters As fast as you can determine if it is a real English word or not “yes” if it is “no” if it isn’t Typically speed and accuracy are the dependent measures

25. table

26. vanue

27. daughter

28. tasp

29. cofef

30. hunter

31. Lexical primitives Lexical Decision task table vanue daughter tasp cofef hunter Yes No Yes No Yes

32. Lexical primitives Lexical Decision task daughter hunter

33. Lexical primitives Lexical Decision task daughter hunter Pseudo-suffixed Multimorphemic daught hunt-er Takes longer

34. Lexical primitives May depend on other factors What kind of morpheme Inflectional Derivational Frequency of usage High frequency multimorphemic (in particular if derivational morphology) may get represented as a single unit Compound words Semantically opaque butterfly Semantically transparent buttonhole

35. Lexical organization How are the lexical representations organized? Alphabetically? Initial phoneme? Semantic categories? Grammatical class? Something more flexible, depending on your needs?

36. Lexical organization Factors that affect organization Phonology Frequency Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Grammatical class Semantics

37. Lexical organization Phonology Words that sound alike may be stored “close together” Tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT) Brown and McNeill (1966) More likely to approximate target words with similar sounding words than similar meanings What word means to formally renounce the throne? abdicate

38. Lexical organization Frequency Typically the more common a word, the faster (and more accurately) it is named and recognized Typical interpretation: easier to retrieve (or activate) However, Balota and Chumbley (1984) Frequency effects depend on task Lexcial decision - big effect Naming - small effect Category verifcation - no effect A canary is a bird. T/F

39. Lexical organization Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil Try to imagine each word

40. Lexical organization Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil Try to imagine each word How do you imagine these?

41. Lexical organization Imageability, concreteness, abstractness Umbrella Lantern Freedom Apple Knowledge Evil More easily remembered More easily accessed

42. Lexical organization Grammatical class Grammatical class constraint on substitution errors “she was my strongest propeller” (proponent) “the nation’s dictator has been exposed” (deposed) Word association tasks Associate is typically of same grammatical class

43. Lexical organization Grammatical class Open class words Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) Closed class words Function words (determiners, prepositions, …)

44. Lexical organization Semantics Free associations Most associates are semantically related (rather than phonologically for example) Semantic Priming task

45. tasp

46. nurse

47. doctor

48. fract

49. slithest

50. shoes

51. doctor

52. Lexical organization Semantic Priming task nurse shoes Responded to fasterRelated Unrelated “Priming effect” doctor

53. Lexical organization Semantics Words that are related in meaning are linked together Lexical networks (next lecture)

54. Lexical organization Another possibility is that there are multiple levels of representation, with different organizations at each level Sound based representationsMeaning based representationsGrammatical based representations