1. WAN Technologies
Lecture 9
Paul Flynn

2. Objectives
WAN Technologies Overview
WAN Technologies
WAN Design

3. WAN Technology

4. WAN Service Providers

5. Physical Layer: WANs

6. WAN Line Types and Bandwidth

7. WAN Devices

8. CSU/DSU

9. Modem Transmission

10. WAN Standards

11. WAN Link Options

12. Analog Dialup

13. ISDN

14. Leased Line
Leased lines are not only used to provide direct point-to-point connections between Enterprise LANS, they can also be used to connect individual branches to a packet switched network.

15. Frame Relay
Most Frame Relay connections are based on PVCs rather than SVCs. It implements no error or flow control. Frame Relay provides permanent shared medium bandwidth connectivity that carries both voice and data traffic.

16. ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a technology capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks. It is built on a cell based architecture rather than on a frame-based architecture.

17. DSL

18. Cable Modem
Enhanced Cable Modems enable two-way. High speed data transmissions using the same coaxial lines that transmit cable television.

19. ADSL Technology

20. What does ADSL mean
Asymmetric - The data can flow faster in one direction than the other. Data transmission has faster downstream to the subscriber than upstream
Digital - No type of communication is transferred in an analog method. All data is purely digital, and only at the end, modulated to be carried over the line.
Subscriber Line - The data is carried over a single twisted pair copper loop to the subscriber premises

21. ADSL standards : Standard name Common name Downstream rate
Upstream rate
ITU G.992.1
ADSL (G.DMT)
8 Mbit/s
1.0 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.2
ADSL Lite (G.Lite)
1.5 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4
ADSL2
12 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex J
3.5 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.3/4 Annex L
RE-ADSL2
5 Mbit/s
0.8 Mbit/s
ITU G.992.5
ADSL2+
24 Mbit/s
ITU G Annex L
RE-ADSL2+
ITU G Annex M
28 Mbit/s

22. ADSL Speed Comparison Pure Fibre Hybrid Fibre/Copper FTTH Enhanced
FTTx, VDSL2,
ADSL2plus
ADSL
ISDN
Voice band Modem

23. ADSL Range
In general, the maximum range for DSL without a repeater is 5.5 km
As distance decreases toward the telephone company office, the data rate increases
For larger distances, you may be able to have DSL if your phone company has extended the local loop with optical fiber cable
Data Rate
Wire gauge
Wire size
Distance
1.5 or 2 Mbps
24 AWG
0.5 mm
5.5 km
26 AWG
0.4 mm
4.6 km
6.1 Mbps
3.7 km
2.7

24. ADSL Speed Factors The distance from the local exchange
The type and thickness of wires used
The number and type of joins in the wire
The proximity of the wire to other wires carrying ADSL, ISDN and other non-voice signals
The proximity of the wires to radio transmitters.

25. ADSL network components
The ADSL modem at the customer premises(ATU-R)
The modem of the central office (ATU-C)
DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM)
Broadband Access Server (BAS)
Splitter - an electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies DSLAM.

26. ADSL Loop Architecture
Voice Switch
ISP
Central Office
Subscriber premises

27. ADSL Requirements Phone-line, activated by your phone company for ADSL
Filter to separate the phone signal from the Internet signal
ADSL modem
Subscription with an ISP supporting ADSL

28. How does ADSL work
ADSL exploits the unused analogue bandwidth available in the wires
ADSL works by using a frequency splitter device to split a traditional voice telephone line into two frequencies 4
25,875
138
1104
KHz
PSTN
Downstream
Upstream

29. ADSL Modulation
Modulation is the overlaying of information (or the signal) onto an electronic or optical carrier waveform
There are two competing and incompatible standards for modulating the ADSL signal:
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP)
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT)

30. Carrierless Amplitude Phase
Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) is an encoding method that divides the signals into two distinct bands:
The upstream data channel (to the service provider), which is carried in the band between 25 and 160kHz
The downstream data channel (to the user), which is carried in the band from 200kHz to 1.1MHz .
These channels are widely separated in order to minimize the possibility of interference between the channels.

31. Discrete Multi-tone (DMT)
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) separates the DSL signal so that the usable frequency range is separated into 256 channels of kHz each.
DMT has 224 downstream frequency bins (or carriers) and 32 upstream frequency bins.
DMT constantly shifts signals between different channels to ensure that the best channels are used for transmission and reception.

32. The DMT frequency bands
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Echo Cancellation

33. Max. Data Rate Down/Uplink (bps) Line Coding Technology
DSL Modem Technology
DSL Service
Max. Data Rate Down/Uplink (bps)
Line Coding Technology
Analog Voice Support
Max. Reach (km-feet)
VDSL– Very High Bit Rate DSL
25M/1.6M or 8M/8M
???
Yes
.9–3,000
Residential
SOHO
Business
ADSL–Asymmetric DSL
8M/1M
CAP & DMT
Yes
5.5–18,000
IDSL–ISDN DSL
144K/144K
2B1Q No
5.5–18,000
SDSL–Symmetric DSL
768K/768K
2B1Q / CAP No
6.9–22,000
HDSL2–
High Bit Rate DSL
1.5M–2.0M/ 1.5M–2.0M
Optis No
4.6–15,000
Trade-off is Reach vs. Bandwidth
Reach numbers imply “Clean Copper”
Different layer 1 transmission technologies, need a common upper protocol layer to tie them together

34. Modern WAN

35. Comparing WAN Traffic Types