1. 1 A Three-tier View-based Methodology for M-Services Adaptation Eleanna Kafeza Department of Marketing and Communications, Athens University of Economics & Business kafeza@aueb.gr S.C. Cheung Dept. of Computer Science Hong Kong University of Science & Technology scc@cs.ust.hk Dickson K.W. Chiu Senior Member, IEEE Ho-fung Leung Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong lhf@cse.cuhk.edu.hk

2. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 2 Motivation and Background Often we have existing systems Extend it to support programmatic interactions: B2B / agent Extend/adapt it to support emerging mobile computing environment - SMS, WAP, PDA, … Adapting human-agent collaboration system for mobile environment – e.g., workforce management 3-tier architecture commonly adopted over Web Extend our Process View mechanism into 3-tiers for adaptation User Interface Views Process Views Database Views

3. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 3 Project Background B2B Process Views D.K.W. Chiu, S.C.Cheung, K. Karlapalem, Q. Li, Sven Till, and E. Kafeza. Workflow View Driven Cross-Organizational Interoperability in a Web Service Environment, Information Technology and Management, 5(3/4):221-250, 2004. D.K.W. Chiu, K. Karlapalem, Q. Li and E. Kafeza. Workflow Views Based E-Contracts in a Cross-Organization E-Service Environment. Distributed and Parallel Databases 12(2-3):193- 216, 2002. 3-tier View conference paper D.K.W. Chiu, S.C. Cheung and E. Kafeza. Three-tier View-based Support for Mobile Workflow. First International Conference on Mobile Business, Athens, Greece, July 2002.

4. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 4 Advantages of Views Motivated by views in federated object databases / relational database Help balance trust and security Access in fully controlled manner Minimize modification of existing process for interoperability Interface with different organization with different views Fast and manageable development Process Views as the center mechanism

5. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 5 A Process for Service Negotiation User inputs request with service options Send options to user User evaluates options [with feasible options] [without feasible options] Reply YES/NO for each option Reply Counter Options Reply Constraints Evaluate constraints and options Inform chosen details [good option found] [max round not exceeded] [max round exceeded] Inform failure [passive mode] [constraint mode] [counter-offer mode] Service ProviderUser [no option found] Receive service details

6. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 6 User Features on Different Platforms User Platforms Functions Application Server (B2B) PDAWAP PhoneMessaging Device Service Request Web ServiceBrowser interface or programmed action WAP interfaceSMS/EMS Alerts Web ServiceICQ, email (or SMS if user also accessible) SMS/EMS Exception Handling Web Service and /or email Browser interface WAP interfaceSMS/EMS User Response Mode Passive, Counter-offer, Constraint Passive, Counter-offer Passive

7. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 7 3-tier View Architecture DBMS User Interface Views Process ViewsData Views PDA memory SMS Gateway WAP Gateway Web Server Internet Messenger Users Processes of Other Organizations Service Process

8. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 8 Meta-model for 3-tier Views * * User Interface View Screen / Form Process View Data View * * * * ** * Table * * ** * Task * * many to many association aggregation association WAP User Process View SMS User Process View Web User Process View inheritance Role * * User * * Process * 1 * * * transition Agent / B2B Process View

9. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 9 Methodology Overview Identify target platforms and the set of activities to be possibly adapted in the base process. For each activity identified, elicit the capabilities required for enactment. For each target platform, enlist its provided features. Match capabilities against features. Decide which activities need adaptation. Design process views accordingly. Design data views for each of the data sources based on the requirements of the process views. Design user interface views based on platform dependent restrictions. Perform validation of view consistency.

10. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 10 Contribution of 3-Tier Views to Different Platforms User Platforms Views Application Server (B2B) PDAWAP PhoneMessaging Device User Interface View Web Service interface for programmed interactions Simplified screen layout Low resolution graphics Panning and zooming WML translation Highly reduced screen SMS message presentation Data View Mutually agreed schema and semantics for interoperation Omit some fields Summarized information Mandatory fields only Highly summarized information Highly summarized and mandatory information as message content Process View Cross-organizational process interoperation Simplified process steps and proceduresSMS dialogue presentation

11. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 11 Process View - Introduction Process view – structurally correct subset of process definition Motivated by views in federated object databases Originally for B2B interoperating processes among (different categories of) business partners to authorize external access to process Same mechanisms now used for users of different platform access different subset of process

12. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 12 Capabilities Required by Various Process Activities Activity Capability User evaluates options Reply Y/N for each option Reply constraints Reply counter options Receive service details Authentication required Message handling requirednot required required Message confirmation not required requirednot required Formatted data handling not required requirednot required Constraint editor not required requirednot required Real-time response not required requirednot required

13. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 13 Features supported by Various Platforms Platform Provided Feature B2BPDAWAPSMS Deployment of User applications yes no Client-side SSL certification yesno Form handling yes no Message Reception yes Message Authoring yes Message Transmission yes Real-time interactions yes no Message size large mediumshort

14. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 14 Meta-model for Matching Features Against Capabilities Platform adapts Target Process View Feature offers * 1..* FeatureSetCapability Activity 1..* * requires * * matches * * * * Realization

15. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 15 Realization Table Matching Feature-Sets against Capabilities Feature-SetCapabilityRemarks {Deployment of User applications} Constraint editor Availability of a constraint editor with constraints outputted according to a predefined XML schema. {Client-side SSL certification, real-time interactions} AuthenticationAvailability of a personal certificate. {real-time interactions}Authentication Performs logon and logoff for each process view instance. {real-time interactions}Real-time response {Form handling, real-time interactions} Formatted data handling {Message Reception}Message handling {Message Authoring, Message Transmission} Message confirmation The feature that supports returning a received message is not generally available for roaming SMS services. …

16. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 16 Process Views for Participants on Different Platforms

17. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 17 User Interface Views for PDA users for WAP users

18. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 18 User Interface Views Supporting the “Display Options” for WAP Users select View Request select available time slots select the next option scroll down … continue until the last option viewing the first option select finish

19. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 19 User Interface Views Supporting the “Enter Counter Options” for WAP Users No available time slots were selected in all options finish with no available time slots in any options select YES for counter offer response mode select time slots enter venue and date

20. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 20 User Interface View Implementation Activity XML Processor XML Document Object Screen / Form Activity Presentation Object XSL Style Sheet XML Schemas User Inputs User Interface ViewWorkflow View

21. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 21 XML Service Object and WAP Listing Service Options. May 30 14:00 Franklin CUHK Conference Room, 3/F, CUHK, Shatin Jun 1 9:00 9:30 Unconfirmed Jun 1 9:30 10:00 Unconfirmed... <!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml"> Venue: Conference Room, 3/F, CUHK, Shatin Select Available Time Slots: SLOT 1 JUN 1 (9:00-9:30) JUN 1 (9:30-10:00) JUN 1 (10:00-10:30) JUN 1 (10:30-11:00) JUN 1 (11:30-12:00)...

22. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 22 Data View vs. Complete Schema (Mobile Meeting Scheduler Example)

23. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 23 Adaptation Consistency By event trace semantics Tracing the start and end event of each task Based on process algebra and automata theory Consistency of process view with respect to a process a process view V not exhibiting any event sequences where no corresponding ones are found in the base process H.

24. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 24 Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) Variables: Day, Time, Place Domains: D(Day) = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday} D(Time) = {9am, 9:15am, 9:30am, …, 11:45pm, 12:00am} D(Place) = {CUHK, HKUST, HKU} Constraints: SuitableTime(Time) SuitableTime(Day) SuitablePlace(Place) Day-Place-Requirement(Day, Place) Time-Place-Requirement(Time, Place) Plus: other personal constraints on Time, Day and Place Extents of Constraints: SuitableTime = {9am, 11am, 2pm} SuitableDay = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday} SuitablePlace = {CUHK, HKUST, HKU} Day-Place-Requirement = {,,,,,,,,,,,,, } Time-Place-Requirement = {,, }

25. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 25 Adaptation Considerations for Constraint-Solving Application Centralized open-calendar protocol not suitable - no privacy protection, too much unnecessary data is sent Passive mode - inefficient protocol but simple, least data sent, suitable for SMS users In between: reply counter-option mode or reply constraints – but more complicated user interface required All these can be translated into constraints and therefore into a standard CSP problem

26. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 26 Implementation Architecture Web / WAP Access XSLT Processor Web Front-end Web Services Programmatic Access Public UDDI Registry Enterprises User-Side Views & Stylesheets Repository > Server Process > Process View Application Subsystem Consistency Checker View and Stylesheet Editor View Maintenance Subsystem View Specifications in XML XSLT Stylesheets End users on Multi-platform Devices Server-Side SMS Entity Adapter > Data View Enterprise Data Process Specification and Capability Editor publish EJB Container Web Container Web Service Interface > Constraint Solver External Interface Subsystem

27. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 27 Conclusion A three-tier view-based methodology for adapting applications to support multiple platforms A novel approach of applying process views in adapting collaboration systems to a mobile environment Details on the technologies for supporting such adaptations Support for both human users and user delegated autonomous agents in a collaboration system Use of constraints to limit data exchange in a collaboration system to reduce bandwidth consumption for mobile users Demonstration of the applicability of our methodology in supporting flexible mobile collaboration systems through these features. Rapid development and deployment of E-commerce systems (reuse and modular design)

28. Dickson Chiu et al. TSMC 20033-Tier View Adaptation - 28 Further and Ongoing work How do we design the views? Based on what? - Requirement engineering and e-Contracts e-Contract enactment e-Contract enforcement and exception handling e-Contract Templates e-Negotiation Flows and Views Real-life applications e-Marketplace, workforce management, logistics, CRM, etc. HCI – Human-Computer Interaction m-Government service m-Tourism service Mobile workforce management, esp. for service outsourcing