1. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods = manually or mechanically damaging plants Removing beachgrass (Ammophila arinaria) from Lanphere Dunes CA Uprooting tamarisk (Tamarix spp) in Arizona

2. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition: people will even volunteer! Phragmites australis control in Kampoosa Bog Mass. Volunteers cut reed stems and injected stems with herbicide to kill underground rhizomes Annual monitoring and treatment continues (started in 2000)

3. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations: Lanphere dunes example – 10 acres infested.

4. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment Centauria diffusa control in Oregon: weeding out individual knapweed plants while not disturbing surrounding vegetation

5. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific: minimize damage to other plants or environment But not always specific…

6. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive: beach grass removal at Lanphere Dunes took 2,951 person-hours per acre over 3 years (at $7.00 per hour, that’s $20,657 per acre). VOLUNTEERS ARE ESSENTIAL!

7. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive Often requires follow-up treatments: Lanphre dunes took 3 years of repeated treatments.

8. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods Advantages Generally much less public opposition Works well on small populations Can be extremely specific Disadvantages Labor & time intensive Often requires follow-up treatments Inadvertent damage

9. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants

10. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes

11. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity

12. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact

13. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment

14. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Root talon Weed wrench

15. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive

16. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding Effective: annuals, tap-rooted plants, some woody plants Not effective: perennials with rhizomes Advantages: (1) specificity; (2) minimize impact; (3) low cost for equipment Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas

17. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production

18. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species

19. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that re-sprout or regenerate from fragments

20. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment

21. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas

22. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

23. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments

24. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on a greater number of species Not effective: plants that resprout or regenerate from fragments Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor Disadvantages: (1) follow-up treatments; (2) more equipment

25. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials

26. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments

27. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry

28. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas

29. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance

30. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling Effective: annuals, shallow-rooted perennials Not effective: plants regenerate from root/stem fragments Advantages: (1) effective, especially if completed before seeds produced & when soil is dry; (2) large areas Disadvantages: (1) soil disturbance; (2) more equipment

31. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that re-sprout Sheep grazing on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a Colorado State University control trial

32. Can even be a lucrative business opportunity…

33. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor

34. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment

35. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil

36. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing

37. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments

38. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal

39. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing

40. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement

41. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal

42. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Similar to mowing/cutting Single: Effective on some annuals; reduce seed production Repeated: effective on some perennial species Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) primary treatment; (2) relatively large areas; (3) less labor & less equipment; (4) break crust; (5) incorporate seeds into soil Disadvantages: (1) overgrazing; (2) follow-up treatments Considerations: (1) type of animal; (2) timing & duration of grazing; (3) controlling movement; (4) controlling seed dispersal; (5) predation

43. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Example: Patterson’s Curse (Echium plantangineum) in Australia – grazing worked almost as well as herbicide to control ‘Crash grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate

44. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing Example: Medusahead (Taenatherium caput-medusae) in California (UC coop. extension) ‘Intensive grazing’ – short duration, high stocking rate “Excellent control was obtained with very high-density and short-duration grazing, but these levels are difficult for many ranchers to duplicate. Additional funding expands the research …and will examine the effect of lower animal densities and longer grazing periods on medusahead control”

45. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody

46. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Scotch broom prescribed burn (photo USFS) Desert grassland prescribed burn; prevent woody Plant encroachment (photo USFS)

47. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario

48. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas

49. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment

50. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control

51. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects

52. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects Considerations: (1) timing of burn

53. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn Effective: a range of annual & perennial invasives; herbs & woody Not effective: plants that resprout; fire-adapted seeds; novel disturbance Advantages: (1) win-win scenario; (2) relatively large areas Disadvantages: (1) specialized labor & equipment; (2) control; (3) potential adverse soil effects Considerations: (1) timing of burn; (2) controlling seed dispersal

54. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout

55. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3) snags for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced erosion potential

56. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling Effective: single-trunk plants such as pines, some oaks & maples Not effective: plants that resprout Advantages: (1) less labor than cutting; (2) highly specific; (3) snags for wildlife; (4) returns nutrients to soil; (5) reduced erosion potential Disadvantages: (1) labor intensive; (2) small areas

57. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues

58. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching Effective: small herbaceous invasives without storage tissues Advantages: (1) by-product use Disadvantages: (1) non-specific; (2) small areas Oxalis pes-caprae infestations can be controlled by mulching or solarization

59. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing

60. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization Effective: small herbaceous invasives or after land clearing Advantages: (1) complete kill; (2) retains nutrients Disadvantages: (1) non-specific

61. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding Effective: limited number of invasives

62. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding Effective: limited number of invasives Advantages: (1) complete kill Disadvantages: (1) non-specific

63. 5)Management c)Control ii)Mechanical methods (1)Weeding (2)Mowing & brush cutting (3)Tilling (4)Grazing (5)Prescribed burn (6)Girdling (7)Mulching (8)Soil solarization (9)Flooding