1. Cognition

2. Social Learning Mechanisms

3.  Mechanisms  Stimulus or Social Enhancement (instrumental)  Drawn to object by conspecific  could learn via trial and error  Observational Fear Conditioning (classical)  UR caused by a conspecific  Mimicry (“Monkey See-Monkey Do”)  Copy for copying sake  Imitation (copy to get goal)  Copy exactly to get the same goal as the demonstrator  Self vs. Other Perspective (“Theory of mind”)

4. Food Preferences and Enhancement Rats prefer foods eaten by conspecifics  not simply, smell of food associated with smell of the model rat  rear end vs. front end matters  asleep vs. awake doesn’t  social (rat) vs nonsocial (cotton ball) matters

5. Avian Bottle Openers Enhancement + Instrumental

6. Observational Conditioning via Pavlov Model US Snake CS Observer (Frightened by model’s reaction)

7. Mimicry, Imitation, Emulation Mimicry  Not intentional Imitation  Imitation, slavish copying with a goal  Emulation, non-slavish copying with a goal (could be “copying of goal” + “trial and error”, or problem solving)

8. Emulation vs. Imitation Push Pull Ghost Model Movement

9. Results of Tomesello (2006)

10. Children

11. Theory of Mind Understanding that others have mental processes that may differ from one’s own Emotions Knowledge Visual Perspective

13. Knowledge Attribution Povinelli (1991)  Knower – sees food being hidden  Guesser – outside of room Stage 1: As above Stage 2: Knower wears hat Stage 3: Guesser stays in room with a bagged head

14. Chimpanzees (Great Apes) Rhesus Monkeys (New World)

15. Alternative Did chimps discriminate between the two situations based on subtle differences in how the “guesser” and “knower” acted? Maybe they choose the one with eyes open during hiding?

16. “Begging Experiment” Povinelli (1999) Beg from “seeing” vs. “nonseeing”  Front vs. Back – Yes  Pail Beside vs. Over Head - No  Averted Eyes vs. Over Shoulder Look – No  Blindfold Mouth vs. Blindfold Eyes - No

17. “Chimps Fail Begging Experiment”

18. “Elephants Pass Begging Experiment” However, this doesn’t imply elephants can “mind-read”

19. Mark Test Gallup’s Mark Test (Great Apes)

20. Mirror self-recognition:  Chimp, Bonobo – Yes  Orang-utan, Gorilla – Yes  Elephants – Maybe?  Dolphins –Maybe?  Pigeons –No

21. Human versus Chimps Mind-reading Pointing Impulsive Cooperation Imitation Vis Memory Aud Memory Deception Poor No More Trainable Emulation Better Good Poor Good Yes Less Spontaneous Slavishly Good Better Excellent Skill ChimpHuman