1. We have several ways of framing the different approaches to ethics Duty vs. Happiness [Kant/Utilitarianism] Source of the values [world beyond appearances vs. us or them] Judging men vs. judging ideas [Plato/Aristotle vs. Kant]

2. With Mayo, Hugo, Aristotle and Nussbaum returning to the “judging of men.” Focus is on “virtue” rather than principles What does this mean? That the moral character of the person acting is important. Why? Because their actions flow from their character. How is this different from William’s notion of person integrity? Acting on the basis of principle vs. acting from your moral character.

3. What is the connection between being and doing? You can only BE by doing what you do. BEING focuses on VIRTUE & human character Underlying question is whether a bad person can do good things. [on Utility yes, on Kant? Probably no]

4. Ideals [virtues & exemplars] vs Principles “What ought I do?” Look for the moral principles and a connection with the current situation OR quote a quality of character. turns into “what ought I be?”  Who is a saint? Who is a hero?

5. Saints & Heroes An ideal type of character or an actual person Plato: The just man Aristotle: The man of practical wisdom The role of ideals/exemplary people? examples?

6. Examples Imitation – we try to be like our heroes  [Kant believes this is fatal to morality – why?] Truth – George Washington Others? Mother Theresa? Johnny Appleseed?

7. Mayo says there has been "...a radical one- sidedness in the philosophers' account of morality in terms of principles: it takes little or no account of qualities, of what people are. It is just here that the old fashioned word Virtue used to have a place; and it is just here that the work of Plato and Aristotle can be instructive.“ If we wish to enquire about Aristotle's moral views, it is no use looking for a set of principles. Of course we can find some principles to which he must have subscribed....The basic question for Aristotle, is not What shall I do? but, What shall I be?

8. Mayo asks: "Why should we expect that all rules of conduct should be ultimately reducible to a few?" "A person's character is not merely a list of dispositions; it has the organic unity of something that is more than the sum of its parts." Examples: Plato's "just man," Aristotle's "man of practical wisdom," Augustine's "citizen of the city of God," the "good communist," Socrates, Christ, Buddha, and St. Francis.