1. Dewey Decimal Classification System
Let’s start with a review of some of the things we talked about last time concerning how to find or build the correct Dewey number for a book.
Review of Lecture 1
Bair-Mundy

2. (including summaries)
Four volumes of DDC 21
Volume 1
Tables
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification system) is published in 4 volumes.
The first volume consists of tables. These tables contain numbers that are appended to numbers found in the schedule.
Volumes 2 & 3 are the actual schedules. Here is where you'll find your base numbers.
Volume 4 contains the Relative Index, which we'll see in a minutes, and a manual.
[show volumes]
Tables +
Manual
Index
Schedules
(including summaries)

3. Using the Relative Index
Volume 1
Tables
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
Most of the time when we start by looking up the subject of our book in the relative index, found in Volume 4.

4. Relative Index Persuasion 303.342 logic 168 political science 320.014
psychology
rhetoric 808
social process
Class numbers (not page numbers)
The Relative Index, as mentioned before, relates subjects to disciplines.
On the left are subjects
On the right are class numbers that reflect the disciplines that deal with that subject.
Notice that the one subject, persuasion, has been studied in a variety of disciplines: philosophy and psychology, the social sciences, and literature and rhetoric.
Notice also that the numbers on the right-hand side of the page are class numbers, not page numbers.
100 Philosophy & psychology
300 Social sciences
800 Literature & rhetoric

5. Mexico in the twentieth century
Relative Index
Mexicans T5—687 2
Mexico 972
T2—72
Mexico (Mexico) T2—725
Mexico, Gulf of
T2—163 64
Never class from the Index.
Let's say you have a book entitled Mexico in the twentieth century.
You look in the index and you find a class number for Mexico. You might be tempted to use that number.
Mexico in the twentieth century

6. 972 General history of North America 972
972 Middle America Mexico
SUMMARY
– Standard subdivisions of Middle America
.001–.009 Standard subdivisions of Mexico
If you look in the schedule under the number for Mexico you'll see from the summary that there are many numbers under Mexico that are far more specific numbers, including numbers for specific time periods in Mexico, that are possibly better for classifying the work you have in hand.
As you saw before you may also find explanatory information that tells you what does and does not get classed under that number.
.01–.08 Historical periods of Mexico
Mexico in the twentieth century

7. Relative Index Publishers 070.509 2 occupational ethics 174.909 7
occupational group T7—097
relations with authors
Publishers' catalogs 015
Publishing
accounting
journalism
law
see Manual at vs
Pubs
The index can also help you to find where things are located in the tables.
This is a reference to a table--table 7. Remember, you never start with a table. A table entry number starts with the letter T, followed by the table number, followed by the numerical digits for the subtopic in the table.

8. Using the Summaries Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3 600-9994
Index
There are times when you will start with the summaries.

9. First summary The Ten Main Classes
000 Computer science, information & general works
100 Philosophy & psychology
200 Religion
300 Social sciences
400 Language
500 Science
600 Technology
700 Arts & recreation
800 Literature
900 History & geography
Let’s say we have a book on experiments in magnetism.
Our first summary gives us the ten main classes.
So we scan down.
This looks like something studied in the sciences.
Let’s go to our second summary, looking in the science section—the 500s.
Experiments in magnetism

10. Second summary The Hundred Divisions
500 Science
510 Mathematics
520 Astronomy
530 Physics
540 Chemistry
550 Earth sciences & geology
560 Fossils & prehistoric life
570 Life sciences; biology
580 Plants (Botany)
590 Animals (Zoology)
Here is the second summary is the divisional breakdown of the science section.
Magnetism seems like a topic you study in physics, so let’s check that division.
To do that we go to the third summary.
Experiments in magnetism

11. Third summary The Thousand Sections
530 Physics
531 Classical mechanics; solid mechanics
532 Fluid mechanics; liquid mechanics
533 Gas mechanics
534 Sound & related vibrations
535 Light & infrared & ultraviolet phenomena
536 Heat
537 Electricity & electronics
538 Magnetism
539 Modern physics
Now we’re in the third summary, where the sections of the second summary have each been broken down into ten divisions.
We scan down the major sections of physics and we find magnetism.
Now, we never class from the summary. This gives us our starting point.
We would then go to the schedules to see if there is a specific number that would reflect what our book is about.
Experiments in magnetism

12. 631 Agriculture and related technologies 631
6 Technology (applied science)
63 Agriculture and related technologies
631 Specific techniques… materials
Soil science
Soil chemistry
Organic chemistry
.4 Soil science
Class here interdisciplinary works on soils
.41 Soil chemistry
.416 Inorganic chemistry
Organic chemistry
Including humus
Class here soil biochemistry
.42 Soil fertility
We would also use our summaries to explicate the hierarchy of a number, which will be one section of the Dewey quiz.
Remember, you must start with the left-most digit. So you start with the first summary.
Organic chemistry of soils

13. Classifying in Dewey - getting started
Look up your topic in Relative Index or use the summaries
Go to the schedule
Check in the hierarchy to make sure the topic is contextually correct
Write the number down and follow any additional instructions
So how do you go about classifying a number in Dewey?
You start by looking in either the Relative Index or the summaries.
These will then point you to areas of the schedule.
When you get to a number that seems appropriate be sure to check the hierarchy to make sure that the number is contextually correct. If you have a book on growing roses you don't want a number in the poetry section of the scheme.
You write down the number and then follow any additional instructions.

14. Construction and use of farm fences
631.27
6 Technology (applied science)
63 Agriculture and related technologies
631 Specific techniques; apparstus, equipment, materials
Agricultural structures …
Fences, hedges, walls
Construction and use
Let's say we have a book on Farm fences.
I find a number for fences—agricultural use, in the Relative Index.
I check the hierarchy to make sure I'm in the right section--agricultural structures as opposed to poetry, for example.
There are no more instructions in the text. I've got my number.

15. The scientific principles of crop rotation
6 Technology
63 Agriculture
631 Specific techniques…
Cultivation and harvesting
Special methods
Crop rotation
Let's say we have a book entitled The scientific principles of growing celery.
We find a number for crop rotation.
We check the hierarchy to make sure it's correct.
We write it down.
This is a number for crop rotation.
But it there a way to specify that this book is about the scientific principles of crop rotation?
How do we add the idea of scientific principles?

16. Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
When we have followed all the instructions in the schedule, but we still would like to add something to make the number more specific, we go to Table 1, located in Volume 1 (our tables volume).

17. Table 1. Standard Subdivisions
The following notation is never used alone, but may be used as required with any regular schedule number, e.g., workbooks (—07 in this table) in arithmetic (513): When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number.
Table 1 contains a list of subdivisions that can be added to any number in the schedule.
These are like the floating subdivisions we saw in LCSH. They allow you to create a number with greater specificity.
You never start with Table 1. You start by finding a number in the schedules (volumes 2 & 3), you follow all the instructions, and then if you need greater specificity you check in Table 1 to see if there is a standard subdivision that applies.

18. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
SUMMARY
—01 Philosophy and theory
—02 Miscellany
—03 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
—04 Special topics
—05 Serial publications
—06 Organizations and management
—07 Education, research, related topics
—08 History and description with respect to kinds of persons
—09 Historical, geographic, persons treatment
As in the schedule, table 1 has a summary at the beginning to help you find the appropriate subdivision. The summary has the 9 main standard subdivisions, but there are other, more specific, standard subdivisions within these main areas.
Note that each number begins with an em dash. That em dash stands for the number you have found in the schedule. The numbers you find in table 1 are to be appended to a number in the schedule.

19. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—01 Philosophy and theory
Class here methodology, schools of thought
Class interdisciplinary works on philosophy in 100
—011 Systems
—012 Classification …
—014 Language and communication
—0148 Abbreviations and symbols
—015 Scientific principles
Use of science to analyze and describe the subject…
The scientific principles of crop rotation
015
Crop rotation
If look in the first section of standard subdivisions we find that there is a standard subdivision for scientific principles, with a scope note beneath it explaining what this standard subdivision appended to a number from the schedule means.
"Use of science to analyze and describe the subject…"
This seems appropriate for our work so let's add it to our number.
Remember, we start with my number from the schedule. Then we append the standard subdivision.
Our number from the schedule for growing celery is
We now append Now our number as a whole means the scientific principles of growing celery.

20. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—02 Miscellany …
—020 2 Synopses and outlines
Including chronologies
Class works called synopses and outlines that are regular treatises or introductions to a subject in without use of notation 0202 from Table 1; class interdisciplinary chronologies in
—020 7 Humorous treatment
space between numbers just for legibility; don't record in call number
Let's say we have a book of cartoons about crop rotation.
Again, we start with our number for crop rotation.
Now we go to Table 1 to see if there is a standard subdivision to indicate that this is a humorous treatment of the subject.
We're in luck. In the miscellany section we find a standard subdivision that means humorous treatment
So we add 0207 to our number for crop rotation.
You'll notice that there is a gap between the 0 and the 7. This is just to make the number easier to read. A long string of numbers is difficult to read; gaps help to "chunk" the numbers. The gap is not used in writing our call number.
Crop rotation cartoons
0207
Crop rotation

21. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—03 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
Class interdisciplinary encyclopedias in 030; class interdisciplinary dictionaries in 413.
See Manual at T1—014 vs. T1—03
—04 Special topics
Use this subdivision only when it is specifically set forth in the schedules….
Use —04 only when told to do so in the schedules
Previously I mentioned that you can apply subdivisions found in table 1 to any number in the schedule.
There is one exception: 04. This subdivision can only be applied when there is an instruction in the schedule to do so. The schedule will give you the special topic(s) that can be added specifically to that number.

22. 659 Management and auxiliary services 659
659 Advertising and public relations
Class here publicity
.1 Advertising
Special topics
Social aspects of advertising
I mentioned before that the -04 standard subdivision can only be used when directed to do so in the schedules.
Here is such a direction.
Under advertising there is a special topic: social aspects of advertising.
This special topic cannot be used anywhere else.

23. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—09 Historical, geographical, persons treatment
Time
—090 1– Historical periods
Biographies
— Persons
Locality
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, localities; extraterrestrial worlds
Another standard subdivision you will use very frequently is the -09 subdivision, and in particular -093 through -099.
—090 1–090 5 allows you to narrow down your class number by period: Growing celery in the twentieth century.
—093–099 allows you to narrow your class number by place: Growing celery in Minnesota.
You'll see how to do that later.

24. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
— To 499 A.D.
— To 4000 B.C.
— – 1000 B.C.
— – 1 B.C.
— st – 5th centuries, 1– 499
— th – 15th centuries,
Class here Middle Ages (Medieval period)
— th – 12 centuries,
— th century,
— th century,
One caveat here. This is only for broadly-defined historical periods added to a topic that is not historically subdivided in the schedule.
You would not use these Table 1 subdivisions for a book on the history of the United States, as there is a an area of the schedule devoted to U.S. history with much more specific time break-downs appropriate to American history.

25. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds …
Add "Areas" notation 3–9 from Table 2 to base number —09, e.g. the subject in United States —0973, in Brazil —0981, in North America —097.
The 093 through 099 standard subdivisions allow us to limit a classification number to a particular geographic region.
We start with a number from the schedule. Then we add a 09 that indicates we're going to subdivide this by geographic locality. Then we add a number for the place. We get that place number from table 2, which you'll see in a moment.
Crop rotation in the United States 09
73 United States
Crop rotation

26. Frequently-Used Standard Subdivisions (from Table 1)
—01 Philosophy and theory
—03 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
—05 Serial publications
—06 Organization and management
—07 Education, research, related topics
—072 Research; statistical methods
—09 Historical, geographic, persons treatment
—092 Persons
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds
Here is a list of frequently-used standard subdivisions.
You can also find this list online in the handouts section of the LIS 605 Web site.
I would suggest that you print this list out and keep it in front of you while you assign call numbers. You'll see why later.

27. Adding specificity - Table 1
Standard Subdivisions
Add (concatenate) to any number from schedule
Only one standard subdivision allowed
Use —04 only when directed to do so
Consult table of preference when two or more subdivisions appear applicable
In order to use the standard subdivisions from table 1 we must first start with a number in the schedule, as we did with our number for growing celery.
Then we find the appropriate subdivision. We append the numbers in the standard subdivision to the number in the schedule, meaning we put them on the end of the number.
We are only allowed to add one standard subdivision, although a standard subdivision may instruct us to add additional numbers.
We can only use the -04 standard subdivision when we are directed to do so.
Sometimes more than one standard subdivision may seem appropriate. When that happens we must chose between (or among) them.
To do that we consult the "table of preference."

28. Adding subdivisions - number of zeros (2)
Types of instructions to indicate when different number of zeros must be used:
Notation in the number column
Footnotes leading to an add table where subdivisions are supplied
Footnotes from the add instruction itself stipulating the use of extra zeros
However, if we see instructions or examples that indicate we should do otherwise, we follow the instructions.
Those instructions can be numbers for standard subdivisions explicitly listed in the number column or explained in a footnote or in another area of the schedule where you're told to look.
Sometimes you have to go back to the beginning of the section where you're working to find the instructions. We'll see examples of some of these instructions shortly.
The last two we won't see until we get into more complex numbering.

29. 660 Chemical engineering and related technologies 660
661 Technology of industrial chemicals
Production of chemicals used as raw materials or reagents in manufacture of other products …
–.009 Standard subdivisions
From Table 1:
—05 standard subdivision for serial publications
Industrial chemicals technology journal
Here we see a case where we're told to use two zeros in adding standard subdivisions.
So, if we have a journal, a serial publication related to technology of industrial chemicals, we would start with our number for technology of industrial chemicals: 661.
Then we would look up our standard subdivision for serial publications: --05
Since the schedule tells us to use two zeroes for our standard subdivisions, we will append 005 to our number to get:
661.
005 Serial publications
Tech. of ind. chem.

30. 600 Technology (Applied sciences) 600
601 Philosophy and theory
602 Miscellany
[.72] Patents
Do not use; class in 608
.75 Trademarks and service marks
.9 Commercial miscellany
603 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
604 Technical drawing, hazardous materials technology…
—020 7 standard subdivision for humorous treatment
This is a case where it helps to have a list of frequently used subdivisions in front of you.
Notice anything about the numbers and captions? They're standard subdivisions. These provide a pattern you would use for adding any standard subdivision.
Let's say we have a book of jokes about technology--a humorous treatment of the applied sciences.
Following the pattern we would start with 6 for technology.
Then we would add the 0207 standard subdivision for humorous treatment.
The entire number as constituted now means a humorous treatment of technology.
Technology jokes 6
0207 humorous treatment
02.07
Technology

31. 502 Natural sciences and mathematics 502
506 Organizations and managment
507 Education, research, related topics
.2 Research; statistical methods
.8 Use of apparatus and equipment in study and teaching
Class here science fair projects, science projects in schools
508 Natural history
Do not use for history and description of natural sciences and mathematics with respect to groups of persons; class in 500.8
Class here description and surveys of phenomena in nature
In this case the standard subdivisions are listed, as expected.
But then where we'd expect, following the pattern, to find the 8th standard subdivision we find something different: natural history. Beneath this unexpected subdivision is a note telling us not to use this number for history history and description of natural sciences and mathematics with respect to groups of persons. This happens a number of times in the schedules. The eighth standard subdivision gets pre-empted in order to incorporate a subdivision unique to this particular class.

32. A directory of housing cooperatives
Economics
334 Cooperatives
.1 Housing cooperatives
Class here building cooperatives…
.2 Banking and credit cooperatives
.22 Credit unions
.5 Consumer cooperatives
—025 standard subdivision for directories
A directory of housing cooperatives
Okay, I'm going to let you do this one. We have a directory of housing cooperatives.
We start with our number from the schedule: 334.1
The standard subdivision for directories is -025.
So what is our number?
334.1
025
Housing cooperatives

33. Philosophy and theory of socialism
Economics
335 Socialism and related systems
Standard subdivisions are added for socialism and related systems together, for socialism alone
Class here schools of thought featuring planned economies… …
.001–.009 Standard subdivisions
.02 Utopian systems and schools
—01 standard subdivision for philosophy and theory
I'll do this one.
We have a book about the philosophy and theory of socialism.
We start with our number for socialism: 335.
We have instructions that tell us to use two zeros when adding standard subdivisions.
The standard subdivision for philosophy and theory is -01 but I have to follow my instruction and use two zeros.
So I add 001 to the number and get
Why are different numbers of zeros required in different sections? Because we're dividing up different amounts of space between numbers.
Whether the gap between numbers is ten numbers, a single number, or a tenth of a number, we're dividing that gap by ten.
600
610
Gap of ten numbers. Divide by ten and you get 1. So 600, 601, 602.
348 Laws, regulations, cases
Preliminary materials
A gap of 1/100 of a number so the standard subdivisions will be thousandths
Philosophy and theory of socialism
335
.001
Socialism

34. 618 Medical sciences Medicine 618
.9 Pediatrics and geriatrics
.92 Pediatrics
Medicine for infants and children up to puberty… …
– Standard subdivisions
As modified under 616.1–616.9
History with respect to kinds
of persons
—03 standard subdivision for dictionaries
I'm going to let you do this one.
We have a dictionary of pediatrics.
The number in the schedule for pediatrics is
The standard subdivision is -03 but we have to follow the instructions in the schedule.
How many zeros? Three! Remember, the gap is just for legibility.
Our number:
Dictionary of pediatrics
618.92
0003
Pediatrics

35. Local taxes in Tasmania
Our book:
Local taxes in Tasmania
Let’s say we want to build a number for “Local taxes in Tasmania.” Tasmania is a place in Australia.

36. Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
We would find the number for taxation using our Index manual. This would send us to the Economics schedule, the 300s, in Volume 2.
Index heading: Taxation 336.2

37. Local taxes in Tasmania
Economics
Local taxes in areas, regions, places in general…
– Local taxes in specific continents, countries, states and provinces
Add to base number notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., local taxes in Pennsylvania
Go to Table 2
In the economics class under taxation we find a range of numbers for local taxes in specific localities.
Under that range of numbers we find a set of instructions.
Add to base number a number from table 2.
Okay, as soon as we're told to add something to the base number we immediately write down the base number.
Now we're ready to go to table 2.
Local taxes in Tasmania
Local taxes in locality

38. T2 Table 2. Areas, Periods, Persons T2
—94 Australia
—941 Western Australia …
—942 Central Australia
—946 Tasmania
Local taxes in Tasmania
In table 2 in the section devoted to the modern world, specifically to locales in England, we find a number for Selby.
We now append the number for Selby to our base number.
Our number is
The first part of the number (found in the schedule) means that this work is about local taxes, the second part of the number (taken from Table 2) indicates that we're talking about Selby.
946
Local taxes
Local taxes
(schedule) +
Tasmania
(Table 2)

39. Racetracks in Loch Lomond
Our book:
Racetracks in Loch Lomond
Let’s say we want to build a number for “Racetracks in Loch Lomond.” Loch Lomond is in Scotland.

40. 796 Recreational and performing arts 796
.72 Automobile racing
Organizations, facilities, management
Racetracks and speedways
Do not use for management; class in
Add to base number notation 1–9 from Table 2, e.g. Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Go to Table 2
Let's say we have a book about the racetracks in Loch Lomond. (Okay, Dr. Osborne and I made this title up.)
Now we find a number in the schedule under recreational and performing arts:
Now we read the instructions. Add to base number a number from table 2.
So we immediately write down our base number and prepare to go to table 2 in order to find a number for Loch Lomond.
However, we're going to take a slight detour.
Racetracks in Loch Lomond
Racetracks & speedways

41. Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
Manual
Now, I could go directly to Table 2 and scan the hierarchy to find Loch Lomond. But I may not know where in Scotland Loch Lomond is located so that might take me a bit of time.
I may be able to make use of my relative index to quickly find where Loch Lomond is located.

42. Racetracks in Loch Lomond
Relative Index
Loch Broom (Scotland) T2―411 52
Loch Lomond (Scotland) T2—414 2
Loch Ness (Scotland) T2—411 56
Loch Ness monster
Lochaber (Scotland) T2—411 56
Lockouts
Rather than struggling through the entire hierarchy to find Loch Lomond in Table 2 I can look up Loch Lomond in the Relative Index and it will tell me where in Table 2 to look. Look under
Notice that Loch Lomond is found alphabetically in the Relative Index. Now on to Table 2.
Racetracks in Loch Lomond
Racetracks & speedways

43. Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
Now I go to Table 2 to find 4142.

44. T2 Table 2. Areas, Periods, Persons T2
— Argyll and Bute
Class here western part of former Dumbarton District; Campbeltown, Dunoon, Helensburgh, Oban; Loch Lomond
Racetracks in Loch Lomond
With the helpful hint from the Relative Index we head straight to Loch Lomond in Table 2.
Argyll and Bute, including Loch Lomond.
Now we append the number for Loch Lomond to our number for racetracks and we've got a number for racetracks in Loch Lomond.
Racetracks & speedways
4142
Racetracks
(schedule)
Loch Lomond
(Table 2) +

45. Motorcycle racing in Modena
Our book:
Motorcycle racing in Modena
(Modena is in Italy)
Let’s say we want to build a number for “Motorcycle racing in Modena.” Modena is in Italy.

46. 796 Recreational and performing arts 796
.73 Automobile rallies
.75 Motorcycle and motor scooter racing
.756 Motocross
.76 Midget car racing (Karting)
Go to Table 1
Now we have a book about motorcycle racing in Modena.
We go to the schedule and find our number for motorcycle racing.
Can we go directly to table 2 here? No.
There are no instructions that allow me to go directly to table 2.
However, we can pretty much always go to table 1 to find a standard subdivision. Standard subdivisions can be added to pretty much any number from the schedule.
So let's go to table 1.
Motorcycle racing in Modena
Motorcycle racing
796.75

47. Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4
Index
Manual
Now we go to Volume 1 to scan through Table 1, our standard subdivisions.

48. T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds
History and description by place, by specific instance of the subject
Add to base number —09 notation 3–9 from Table 2…
Go to Table 2
Ah, yes.
We can use our -093 to -099 standard subdivisions. We follow the instructions.
We append -09 to our base number for motorcycle racing. Then the instruction under this subdivision send us to table 2 to find our number for Loch Lomond.
Motorcycle racing in Modena
Motorcycle racing
796.75 09

49. T2 Table 2. Areas, Periods, Persons T2
—45 Italy
—451 Northwestern Italy …
—454 Emilia-Romagna region and San Marino
— Modena province
Class here Modena
Motorcycle racing in Modena
We find our number for Modena.
We append our number for Modena to -09 to indicate that we're talking motorcycle racing in Modena.
Now we have a number with three parts:
a base number from the schedule
a standard subdivision from table 1, which allowed us to get the third part of our number
the number for Modena.
Motorcycle racing by locality
4542
Motorcycle racing
(schedule)
By locality
(Table 1)
Modena
(Table 2)