1. Hydrothermal Processing of BST Powders Katherine Frank August 3, 2005 Professor Slamovich

2. BST Background BST refers to barium strontium titanate. BST is a ceramic material, and is produced as a powder or as a thin film. The properties of BST make it well suited for electronic applications. – High dielectric constant – High capacitance density

3. Solid Solutions Barium titanate and strontium titanate make up a solid solution, BST. A solid solution is formed when molecules of one substance work themselves into the crystal structure of another substance.

4. Applications Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the focus of Prof. Slamovich’s research. Information is stored in DRAM cells in capacitors. – Capacitors are layers of conducting material separated by layers of an insulating material (in this case, BST). – The thinner the layers, the more information each capacitor can store.

5. Research Objective The size of the BST particles produced hydrothermally varies according to the amount of barium and strontium. Other factors such as pH and temperature also effect the size of the particles. The goal of my research is to study the relationships between these variables and the size of the BST particles produced.

6. Processing Hydrothermal processing refers to a reaction conducted in an aqueous solution, at an elevated temperature. The solutions are composed of BaCl 2, SrCl 2, TiO 2, and NaOH powders added to 100 mL of water. The solutions, once mixed, are left to react in an oven at ~80° Celsius for 48 hours.

7. Processing The NaOH is necessary because BaCl 2 and SrCl 2 are more soluble at higher pH’s. BaCl 2 and SrCl 2 dissociate and react with TiO 2 to form a solid solution of BaTiO 3 and SrTiO 3. Once removed from the oven, the BST powders are washed several times to remove carbonate contamination and left to dry.

8. Powder Composition Another empirical function relates the lattice parameter of the material to the composition of the powder.

9. Peak Position The lattice parameter of each sample is calculated with Bragg’s Law, using XRD peak positions. According to this law, peak position varies inversely with the spacing between planes of molecules.

10. Lattice Parameters The following equation relates lattice parameter to composition: where a is the lattice parameter and X is the mole fraction of barium.

11. Composition Chart

12. Particle Size Measurement For small particles (<100 nm), x-ray diffraction and the Scherrer Equation can be used to determine particle size. where D is the particle diameter, K is a constant evaluated as 0.94, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray, and θ is the angle at which the peak occurs.

13. Particle Size Data

14. SEM Pictures – SrTiO 3

15. SEM Pictures – Ba 0.53 Sr 0.47 TiO 3

16. SEM Pictures – BaTiO 3

17. Particle Size Data

18. Potential Sources of Error Composition calculation: because the relationship between initial and final composition was determined experimentally, it could be inaccurate. Experimental error: slight deviations from the initial composition would result in misleading data for the final composition. XRD sample preparation: with day-to-day differences in preparation, two scans of the same sample had a 13% discrepancy for the particle size measured. Peak broadening standard: the particle size data has not been calculated with a peak broadening standard determined as part of this experiement.

19. Conclusions The correlation between the amount of barium in the powder and the particle size is positive and linear. At higher pH’s, the particle size increases, but the exact relationship between pH and particle size cannot be determined.

20. Continuing Research If more data is collected (i.e., powders of more compositions are created and analyzed), there will be enough information to infer a mathematical relationship with some certainty.

21. Acknowledgements Many thanks to: – Professor Slamovich – Hsin-Yu Li – Dave Roberts – Turner Lab denizens – The overwhelmingly awesome MSE faculty and staff

22. Questions