1. Chem 125 Lecture 2 9/6/02 Projected material This material is for the exclusive use of Chem 125 students at Yale and may not be copied or distributed further. It is not readily understood without reference to notes from the lecture.

2. What Lewis Added

3. Text p. 16 “empirical rules for assessing the relative importance of the resonance structures of molecules and ions. 1. Resonance structures involve no change in the positions of nuclei; only electron distribution is involved. 3. The more important structures are those involving a minimum of charge separation, particularly among atoms of comparable electronegativity. Structures with negative charges assigned to electronegative atoms may also be important. 2. Structures in which all first-row atoms have filled octets are generally important; however, resulting formal charges and electronegativity differences can make appropriate nonoctet structures comparably important. LORE

4. Is it True? Force Laws

5. Levitator by Martin Simon (UCLA) Eppur sta fermo

6. In systems governed by inverse-square force laws there can be no local minimum (or maximum) of potential energy. Earnshaw's Theorem (1839)

7. Visualizing Earnshaw - Coulomb's Electrostatics

8. Faraday/Davy/Phillips

9. A positive particle has a local maximum or minimum of energy only at the location of another charged particle, never in free space.

10. In systems governed by inverse-square force laws there can be no local minimum (or maximum) of potential energy. Earnshaw's Theorem The only stationary points are saddle points.

11. "I have ever since regarded [the cubic octet] as representing essentially the arrangement of electrons in the atom" G. N. Lewis (1923) Was Lewis ignorant of Earnshaw's Theorem?

12. J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) Electron (1897) Plum-Pudding Atom

13. "[We can] solve the special case where the corpuscles are confined to a plane." Thomson's Model of Electron Configuration "consider the problem as to how 1…2…3…n corpuscles would arrange themselves if placed in a sphere filled with positive electricity of uniform density…" “distributed in the way most amenable to mathematical calculation”

14.     Vortex Lattice Models (Greg Blonder www.genuineideas.com) 

15. "[We can] solve the special case where the corpuscles are confined to a plane." Thomson's Model of Electron Configuration "consider the problem as to how 1…2…3…n corpuscles would arrange themselves if placed in a sphere filled with positive electricity of uniform density…" "the equilibrium of eight corpuscles at the corners of a cube is unstable."

16. "I have ever since regarded [the cubic octet] as representing essentially the arrangement of electrons in the atom" G. N. Lewis (1923) Was Lewis ignorant of Earnshaw's Theorem?

17. Conclusion of Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules G. N. Lewis (1923) "if we use the electron as a test charge to determine the properties of the simplest possible electric field, namely, the field about a hydrogen nucleus, we appear to find that this field is not a continuum but is strikingly discontinuous." The Future of the Quantum Theory The Discontinuity of Physico-Chemical Processes

18. The Electron in Chemistry J. J. Thomson (1923) … if [electron-nuclear attraction] were to vary strictly as the inverse square of the distance we know by Earnshaw's theorem than no stable configuration in which the electrons are at rest or oscillating about positions of equilibrium is possible... … then a number of electrons can be in equilibrium about a positive charge without necessarily describing orbits around it. I shall assume that the law of force between a positive charge and an electron is expressed by the equation c r

19. Quantum Mechanics (1926) reformulated kinetic energy to explain electron clouds and produce an "inverted" plum-pudding atom. Cubic octets and ad hoc force laws soon disappeared from conventional Chemistry and Physics But shared-pairs and lone-pairs became useful tools for discussing structure and bonding.

20. How do you know? Might there still be shared-pair bonds and lone pairs? By Seeing? Feeling?

21. Inconceivably Small?

22. OCCULT CHEMISTRY A SERIES OF Clairvoyant Observations on the Chemical Elements BY ANNIE BESANT, P.T.S. AND CHARLES W. LEADBEATER Reprinted from the Theosophist. T HEOSOPHIST O FFICE, A DYAR, M ADRAS, S. T HEOSOPHICAL P UBLISHING S OCIETY, L ONDON AND B ENARES C ITY. 1909 (105 pp.) 1919 (123 pp.) 1951 (400 pp.)

23. Mrs. Annie BESANT P.T.S. (1847-1933) Curuppumullage JINARAJADASA P.T.S. (~1877-1953) "Bishop" Charles Webster LEADBEATER (1847 - 1932) The Occult Chemists (1895-1932)

24. H O N (1895) 18 290 261

25. Anu. 25.Anavah skandhashcha "anu and skandha" These 42 Aphorisms have inspired more than 100 Commentaries "(Matter has 2 chief forms:) atom and molecule." G. R. Jain (1942) Tattvartha Sutra, Umaswami (135-219 A.D.) Chapter V "Matter exists in the form of indivisible elementary particles and their combinations" J. L. Jaini (1920)

26. Helium 72 Lithium 127 Iron 1008 Neon 360 Sodium 418 Occult Atoms 5d orbital

27. Na 2 CO 3 (1924) "note that this trian- gular arrangement of O 3 has just been deduced by Bragg from his X-ray analysis of Calcite"

28. Benzene (1924) "each of the three valencies of each Carbon are satisfied by Hydrogen, and the fourth valency, which some have postulated as going to the interior of the molecule, does actually do so."