1. Oracle Database Administration
Session 1
CSCI E-256 Introduction
The Role of the DBA

2. Introduction What is Database ? What is Database Administration ?
What is an Oracle DBA ?
What do they do ?
How do they do it ?

3. The Database
Most people view a database as the collection of data from a business
An application presents this data to the users in a manageable way.
The application can insert, delete or update the data.
The database structures hold and manipulate this data

4. The Database
The Data is stored in Relational Tables, defined by Columns
Data is stored as Rows in a table
These tables can then be related to each other, using relationships
The database enforces these relationships

5. Types of Database Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) – Amazon.com
Decision Support (DSS) – OLTP database used for reports
Operational Data Store (ODS) – OLTP database plus summary data
Data Warehouse – special set of structures, star schema

6. OLTP Online Transaction Processing Data dependency Model
Many-to-many relationships
Many-to-one relationships
If we have more detailed data, it must be better
Normalization

7. Operational Data Store (ODS)
An ODS has been defined as
Subject oriented
Integrated
Volatile
Current valued
Comprised of only corporate detailed data

8. Data Warehouse
A Data Warehouse is a collection of integrated, subject-oriented databases designed to support the DSS (decision support) function, where each unit of data is relevant for some moment in time
W. H. Inmon
The data should be
Well defined
Consistent
Non-volatile (read-only)

9. Data Warehouse
Any information, from anywhere, of anytime, from internal and external data sources
This includes operational, historical and legacy data
It can also include data from Internet service providers and subscription databases
It must include Metadata ( data about data)

10. Applications Most are Web based.
SQL (sequel) is a language used to interface with various rdbms environments
Embedded SQL (Java, C++, etc)

11. The Oracle DBA What is the Role of the DBA Newer Issues
Planning, design and development
Ongoing maintenance
Data Administrator
Security
Newer Issues
Uptime
Backups with shorter windows
Larger environments
More visible

12. The Oracle DBA Roles The Systems or Operational DBA The Architect
The Applications DBA
The Data DBA
The Internet DBA – Webmaster

13. The DBA Tasks Software Installation Software Additions
Software Upgrades
Database Creation
Database Standards
Performance
Security

14. DBA Tasks Software Installation Software Additions Software Upgrades
Setup the initial environment
Software Additions
Software Upgrades
What are the current releases

15. DBA Tasks Log SR’s (Service Request) Applying Patches System Tuning
System level
Database level
Application level

16. DBA Tasks Database Issues Move/Copy a database Development Issues
Database Standards
Security policies

17. DBA Tasks Education of others Reading, magazines… Third Party Software
Monitoring Tools
Automation

18. How DBAs spend their time
Install 6%
Create and Configure 12%
Load Data 6%
Manage Database System 55%
Note: DBA time allocation statistics are based on the IOUG 2001 DBA Survey.
Maintain Software 6%

19. The Past and the Present Environment
Limited scalability, no resource sharing
Must be configured for peak loads, when implemented
Single points of failure
Slow to adjust to the new needs of the business
Islands of computation

20. Grid Computing Storage Grid Database Grid Application Server Grid
Control

21. Grid Vision Computing as a utility Client-side: Simplicity
A network of clients and service providers
Cloud Computing
Virtualization
Nothing more virtual than a utility
Massive potential
Client-side: Simplicity
Request computation or information and receive it
Server-side: Sophistication
Availability, reliability, security
Capacity on demand, load balancing

22. The E-256 Course …. System level issues
Installation of the RDBMS software
Adding more software options
Upgrading to a new level of the RDBMS and the issues related to this
Applying patches to the RDBMS

23. The E-256 Course …. Create a database “instance”
Database Security, create users, roles …
Create database objects, tables, indexes, etc.
Examine the storage parameters the database objects above
Oracle utilities, export, import, etc
Database Networking Issues

24. The E-256 Course …. How to manage the database using database “views”
How to “backup” the database
How to “recover” the database
Performance management
How to get help from Oracle
Oracle Enterprise Manager

25. The Approach Where does the database fit in the big picture
The technical architecture of an application
Frameworks (examples)
Management
Performance
Backup/Recovery
Security

26. The Approach Knowledge Work Research Methods Scenario Thinking
Project Management
An Intentional Methodology

27. The Instance What is an Oracle database
A database instance (server) is a set of memory structures and background processes, that access a set of database files
The memory structure is the SGA (System Global Area)

28. The Physical World The computer system The operating system Memory
Storage
Processors
Daemons
printers
Networks
Files

29. The Logical World A Tablespace is a logical division of a database.
Each tablespace is made up of one or more files, called datafiles.
A datafile belongs to one tablespace
A table is a logical structure, inside a tablespace

30. Oracle Flexible Architecture (OFA)
/u Oracle Base and Oracle Home
/u01/app/oracle Oracle Base directory
/u The Application Home
/u General Usage
/u Oracle Datafiles

31. Oracle Flexible Architecture (OFA)
/u05 thru /u09
/u04/oradata/<SID>
Example: /u04/oradata/test
SID is the database identifier

32. Oracle Directory Structure

33. Database Structures Three Types Internal to the Database
Memory Based (SGA and Processes)
External to the Database

34. Internal Database Structure Examples
Table
The only way to store data in a database
Indexes
It is a partial copy of a table, used to help speed up accessing the data in the table
Views
A method of looking at “some” of the data in a table or group of tables

35. Internal Database Structures
Procedures
Blocks of PL/SQL statements, called by applications
They do not return a value to the calling program
Functions
Like a procedure, but can return a value to the calling program.

36. Internal Database Structures
Packages
These hold procedures and functions in logical groups
A package can have PUBLIC and PRIVATE elements
Public, would be procedures for a USERS usage
Private may be called by other procedures in the package

37. Internal Database Structures
Triggers
Procedures that execute when a specific event occurs
Used to augment referential integrity, enforce additional integrity
Statement triggers
Row triggers

38. Internal Database Structures
Sequences
Sequential lists of unique numbers
Used as primary Keys
Users
Schemas
Database Links
Undo Segments (rollback segments)

39. Memory Structures System Global Area (SGA) Unix level processes
Part of the System Memory
Unix level processes

41. The System Information on a computer is stored in bytes
Bytes are grouped into Blocks
The Operating System usually has 512 bytes in a block
1K = 1024 bytes
Oracle data is also stored in bytes
Oracle data blocks are in 2k,4k,8k,16, or 32k bytes

42. The System
Oracle data blocks are multiples of the Operating System blocks
The computer memory uses the same block sizes as the disk storage
Space allocation

43. Security Users and Roles Security Patching Advanced Security Option
Sql*net encryption
Application level security
Sql injection

44. The Learning Environment
Distance Option
Blog Method
TA session
Online TA session
Elluminate
Website
Books

45. Website Website at http://courses.fas.harvard.edu/ext/22750

46. How do you know you got it
Understand the Concepts
Be able to create a maintainable database
Walk-away with a framework approach
Understand where that database fits within the technology stack
The Future
Security
Auditing
High Availability
Semantic Web

47. Security Framework

48. Environment Boundaries

49. Strategic and Tactical

50. Overall Strategic and Tactical
System Level
Database Level