1. Rights Violations and Consolidation of Political Power II How do leaders use repression against their citizens? What rights are violated? What are the mechanisms for control, and how and where do they draw lines between friend and foe? How are these strategies (counter) productive?

2. Dictator versus Totalitarian ► Functionality versus ideology ► Closed versus open (often obligatory) party memberships as supreme government structures ► Partial versus complete monopolization on the use of force ► Semi-open versus monopolized means of communication ► Occasional versus systemic terroristic police control ► Decentralized versus centralized economy

3. Horizontal Ties John Anna Jim EricVictoria Sarah Ted

4. Vertical Ties State JohnAnnaJimEricVictoriaSarahTed

5. Review: Why States Pick Terror ► The most effective / least ineffective rule ► Perceived dire threat ► Extent of perceived latent support ► Regime-based inclinations and available models ► Cultural approaches to violence ► Social distance (leaders and society) ► Routinized violence

6. On the Reverse Side: Opposition ► Exit, Voice or Loyalty choice under repressive regime: E = ↑ potential risks + ↓ potential benefits L = ↑ potential risks + ↓ potential benefits V = ↑ potential risks + ↑ potential benefits

7. Dissidents ► Incentives (self-identification) ► Opposition by default ► Frequently do take power (?)

8. Death Squads ► Clandestine, usually irregular organizations which carry out extrajudicial executions and other violent acts against clearly defined individuals or groups of individuals. ► Government affiliation and support ► Private element

9. What death squads are not ► Assassins ► Vigilantes ► Terrorists (?)

10. Functions ► Role of public deaths ► Show of social support for state ► Deniability (domestic and international dimensions) ► Perception that they can be easily brought under control

11. Uganda ► Role of ideology ► Nominally incorporated into state structures ► Victims primarily associated with perceived opposition ► Dilemma of overkill ► Economic effects

14. Dekulakization ► Imprisonment ► Confiscations ► Deportations ► Forced Labor ► Much broader attack on the peasantry: starvation of the enemy

15. How terror worked ► Ideology ► Propaganda ► Vertical ties

17. Potential benefits to the State ► Profit via forced labor ► Urbanization of the peasantry ► Scapegoat for general systemic shortfalls ► Purge of potential anti-Soviet nationalism

18. Genocide ► Must have the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group via the following methods:  Killing members of the group  Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group  Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part  Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group  Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group