2. SimMillenniumSimMillennium: Computer Systems, Computational Science and Engineering in the Large Jim Demmel, David Culler E. Brewer, J. Canny, A. Joseph, J. Landay, S. McCanne A. Neureuther, C. Papadimitrou, C. Sequin, K. Yelick EECS, UC Berkeley www.millennium.berkeley.edu NSF CISE EIA RI and MII PI’s Workshop Aug 7-9 1999

3. Millennium2 Project Goals Enable major advances in Computational Science and Engineering –Simulation, Modeling, and Information Processing becoming ubiquitous –Many participants outside CS Explore novel design techniques for large, complex systems –Fundamental Computer Science problems ahead are problems of scale –Use Capitalism, not Socialism (i.e. not Computer Center) Develop fundamentally better ways of assimilating and interacting with large volumes of information –and with each other Explore emerging technologies –networking, OS, devices

4. Millennium3 Outline Background on UC Berkeley Millennium infrastructure description Other infrastructure contributions Systems research –Networking –Computational Economy Applications –List of all participants –A few highlights Conclusions

5. Millennium4 Background at UC Berkeley Mammoth NSF RI (1988-1993) –CM-5 Titan NSF RI (1994-1999) –Culler, spoke yesterday –NOW = Network of WorkstationsNOW = Network of Workstations Curriculum –CS 267 - Applications of Parallel ComputingCS 267 - Applications of Parallel Computing –MS in Comp Sci & Eng Curriculum –Proposed Comp Eng Sci undergrad program NERSC at LBNLNERSC LBNL –National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center –Supercomputer center next to campus SimMillennium (1998-2003)

6. Millennium5 Planned Millennium Infrastructure

7. Millennium6 The Community School of Info. Mgmt and Sys. Computer Science Electrical Eng. Mechanical Eng. BMRC Nuclear Eng. IEOR Civil Eng. Inst. Of Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

8. Millennium7 NT Workstations for Sci. & Eng. SIMS C.S. E.E. M.E. BMRC N.E. IEOR Civil Eng Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

9. Millennium8 SMP => storage, small-scale parallelism SIMS C.S. E.E. M.E. BMRC N.E. IEOR Civil Eng Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

10. Millennium9 Group Cluster of SMPs => Parallelism SIMS C.S. E.E. M.E. BMRC N.E. IEOR Civil Eng NERSC Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

11. Millennium10 Campus Cluster => large-scale Parallelism SIMS C.S. E.E. M.E. BMRC N.E. IEOR Civil Eng NERSC Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

12. Millennium11 Gigabit Ethernet Connectivity Gigabit Ethernet SIMS C.S. E.E. M.E. BMRC N.E. IEOR Civil Eng NERSC Transport Business Chemistry Astro Physics Biology Economy Math Geo

13. Millennium12 Physical Connectivity

14. Millennium13 Visualization and Novel User Interfaces

15. Millennium14 Current Infrastructure (by end of 8/99) All 195 desktops and 20 SMPs delivered All 18 16-(or smaller)-processor clusters (8 dual SMPs) –Mostly running Myrinet interconnects, some 100Mb Ethernet NOW functioning as large central cluster Cluster build service Millennium wide services –.5 Tbyte file server –distributed system services and software for UNIX and NT Optical fiber for Gigabit in place 10 Gigabit switches purchased 2 Vision Maker Digital Desks purchased

16. Millennium15 A Millennium Cluster 16x2 Processor 400 MHz Pentium II 100 MHz Memory Bus 33 MHz 32-Bit PCI 100BaseTX Ethernet Myrinet M2F Windows NT 4.0 or LINUX –Terminal Server Edition

17. Millennium16 Industrial / Academic Collaboration Computers via Intel Technology 2000 grant –200 NT desktops – 16 department 4-way SMPs – 10+ 8x2 Group Clusters, – 1 ~200x2 Campus Cluster –PPro => Pentium II => Pentium III Additional storage via IBM SUR grant –0.5 TB this year => 4 TB NT tools via Microsoft grant Solaris x86 tools via SMCC grant Nortel discounts the gigabit Ethernet 70% Campus provides 3 technical staff, fiber Research provides the prog. and system support 200 Gflop/s 150 GB memory 8 TB disk

18. Millennium17 What NSF is paying for Fast internal networks for clusters Gigabit ethernet switches Interesting I/O devices –Large displays –3D glasses –Haptic mice –Position sensors One staff person

19. Millennium18 Primary Faculty Participants - 1 CS –D. Culler, J. Demmel, E. Brewer, J. Canny, A. Joseph, R. Katz, J. Landay, S. McCanne, C. Papadimitriou, C. Sequin, R. Wilensky, K. Yelick –Systems, Numerical Methods, Services, HCI, Networking, Computational Economics, Digital libraries, Parallel languages EE –A. Neureuther –Technology CAD for EBEAM Lithography Civil Engineering –S. Govindjee, G. Fenves –Earthquake Engineering, Finite Element Modeling Physics –B. Price, J. Wurtele, D. Lowder –Processing neutrinos and muons at South Pole SIMS –H. Varian, R. Larson, M. Hearst –Computational Economics, User Interfaces

20. Millennium19 Primary Faculty Participants - 2 Astronomy –J. Arons, C. McKee. P. Marcus –Star Formation, Geophysical Turbulence Transportation Studies –S. Sastry, A. Kanafani –Redesign of Nation’s Air Traffic Control System

21. Millennium20 Secondary Faculty Participants - 1 Geology/Geophysics –M. Richards, D. Dreger –Mantle modeling Math –D. Eisenbud, B. Poonen, A. Grunbaum, T. Slaman, B. Sturmfels, P. Vojta –Crystal growth modeling, tomography, symbolic computing Berkeley Multimedia Research Center –L. Rowe –Video effects processing Mechanical Engineering –V. Carey, M. Frenklach, A. Packard, P. Papadopoulos, P. Marcus –Modeling Automated Highways, Material Processing Biology –D. Lindberg, S. Brenner –Reconstruct Phylogenetic Tree of Life, Genome studies Nuclear Engineering –J. Vujic –Planning radiotherapy for Brain Tumors

22. Millennium21 Secondary Faculty Participants - 2 NERSC – W. Saphir Business –N. Hakansson –Computational Finance Laboratory Chemistry –K. Durkin, D. Chandler, D. Harris, W. Lester, W. Miller, R. Stevens, B. Whaley –Computational Chemistry, Molecular Dynamics Visualization Economics –A. Nevo –Market Modeling

23. Millennium22 The CS Research Agenda High Performance Cluster Computing Environment –Fast communication on Clusters of SMPs –Compiler Techniques for Performance and Ease of use –Numerical Techniques and Solvers »Particles, FFT, AMR, Multigrid, Sparse and Dense Lin. Alg. Novel System Design Techniques –Clusters of clusters –Computational Economy –Open infrastructure services Novel modes of interacting with large amounts of data –User interfaces, Digital Libraries

24. Millennium23 Communication Interface Revolution Low Overhead Communication “Happens” Academic Research put it on the map –Active Messages (AM), FM, PM, … Unet –Memory Messaging (Get/Put, Reflective, VMMC, Mem. Chan.) Intel / Microsoft / Compaq recognized it –Virtual Interface Architecture 1.0 released 12/16/97 Berkeley VIA over Myrinet released on NT and Linux

25. Millennium24 World-Record Datamation Sort Old Record (NOW)

26. Millennium25 Computational Economy Approach System has a supply of various resources Demand on resources revealed in price –distinct from the cost of acquiring the resources User has unique assessment of value Client agent negotiates for system resources on user’s behalf –submits requests, receives bids or participates in auctions –selects resources of highest value at least cost

27. Millennium26 Advantages of the Approach Decentralized load balancing –according to user’s perception of what is important, not system’s own metric –adapts to system and workload changes Creates incentive to adopt efficient modes of use –exploit under-utilized resources –maximize flexibility (e.g., migratable, restartable applications) Establishes user-to-user feedback on resource usage –basis for exchange rate across resources Powerful framework for system design –Natural for client to be watchful, proactive, and wary –Generalizes from resources to services Rich body of theory ready for application

28. Millennium27 Current Prototype Specify #procs p and value on job –rexec -n 16 -value 20 fft.mpi Market-based Proportional Sharing –Bidder i gets fraction b i /  k b k of resource –If one bidder, no cost to use resource –Resource may be CPU, Memory, Network, I/O Existing OS mechanisms/policies insufficient –New proportional CPU schedule for LINUX –New page replacement policy –Game theoretic analysis Preliminary experience in CS267 –Students trusted system to allocate fairly, so they did not try to flood system with jobs Future work –other mechanisms and analysis (Vikrey auction, batch vs interactive) –package up and market services (make, popular simulators, DB search)

29. Millennium28 Application Highlights PEER - NSF Earthquake Engineering Center –FE modeling of Bay Area during Big One –Need better parallel sparse linear system solvers EBEAM - Electron Beam Lithography –Simulate next generation chip manufacturing –Need better parallel N-body force calculation AMANDA –Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array –Need to process many detector tracks for events Web Page Design –Better human interfaces using novel devices Digital Library –Support access to large active document collection

30. Millennium29 Earthquake Modeling PEER = Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center UC, Caltech, Stanford, USC, U Washington Model behavior of civil infrastructure in Big One Improve earthquake resistant designs Requires large scale FE models –Buildings, roads, bridges, etc. coupled to ground –Simulate effects of earthquakes –Requires solution of very large sparse linear systems Collaboration on software –G. Fenves - OO Finite Element Modeling SystemG. Fenves –J. Demmel - direct and iterative parallel linear equation solversJ. Demmel »Prometheus - a multigrid solver for FE problems (M. Adams)PrometheusM. Adams »SuperLU - sparse Gaussian elimination (X. Li)SuperLUX. Li Port from Cray T3E to Millennium

31. Millennium30 SuperLU Scales well on Millennium

32. Millennium31 Millennium sometimes beats a Cray T3E

33. Millennium32 EBEAM - Lithography Simulation A. Neureuther and J. DemmelA. NeureutherJ. Demmel Simulate future chip manufacturing devices which will use electron beams instead of light Computational Bottleneck: computing electrostatic forces on electrons Pbody (D. Blackston)PbodyD. Blackston –Parallel O(N) or O(N log N) N-Body code –Incorporates Barnes-Hut / Fast Multipole Method / Anderson in unified framework –Portable across many platforms –Easy to tune for accuracy and performance Now used in production runs Will be packaged as Web service on Millennium, with other TCAD tools

34. Millennium33 Performance of Pbody Over 90% efficient on 4 Millennium procs 61 secs for 200K electrons on 1 proc –(vs 46 secs for Cray T3E) 500x faster than direct O(N 2 ) method

35. Millennium34 AMANDA Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array International project to detect particles in 1 km 3 of ice at South Pole 98 scientists, 15 universities, 4 countries Millennium uses –Machine at South Pole for data collection, webcast, teleconference –Used in PBS broadcast ``Passport to Knowledge: Live from the Pole” in 1998 linking schoolchildren in Mississippi to South Pole crew –Simulation of AMANDA events and calculating optical properties of the ice

36. Millennium35

37. Millennium36 Better Interfaces for Web Site Design J. Landay, Raecine Sapien (SUPERB student)J. Landay Most web designers do not like to program, edit Provide a more natural user interface that matches their style Exploit large displays, position trackers, vision and gesture recognition to make design easier and faster Prototype (minus vision) built over summer, evaluated on a group of designers

38. Millennium37 Web Site Design Issues Taken from Contextual Design Beyer & Holtzblatt

39. Millennium38 System Components Physical components –Vision system –CrossPad –Digital Desk –Command Area

40. Millennium39 Second User Tests

41. Digital Libraries: Rethinking Scholarly Information Dissemination and Use Robert Wilensky Principal Investigator David Forsyth Co-principal Investigator The UC Berkeley Digital Library Team

42. Millennium41 Goal: Complete Rethinking of How we Use Information Must support –entire “information cycle”: creation, dissemination and collaboration »in addition to organization, access, presentation and preservation –non-textual material (photos, video, maps) »in addition to text-based content –primary data sources, informal “publication” »as well as traditional archival product –radically new modes of use Scholarly information use is an especially attractive place to start.

43. Millennium42 GIS Viewer: Streetfinder example

44. Millennium43 GIS Viewer Example

45. Millennium44 Conclusions: What is Millennium About? An experiment in large-scale system design Advance the state of computational science and engineering Exploring novel design techniques Exploring important new technologies NSF support essential