2. STANDARDIZED TESTING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION  All teaching involves evaluation. We compare information to criteria and ten make judgments.  Measurement is evaluation put in quantitative terms - the numeric description of an event or characteristic. Measurement tells how much, how often, or how well by providing scores, ranks, or ratings.  Measurement, when done properly, also allows a teacher to compare one student’s performance on one particular task with a standard or with the performances of the other students.  NOT ALL THE EVALUATIVE DECISIONS MADE BY teachers involve measurement. Some decisions are based on formation that is difficult to express numerically: student preferences, information from parents, previous experiences, even intuition.

3. NORM-REFENCED TESTS & CRTITERION- REFERENCED TESTS  In norm-referenced testing, people who have taken the test provide the norms for determining the meaning of a given individual’s score.  Norm as scores that describe typical levels of performance for a particular group.  By comparing the individual’s raw score 9the actual number correct) to norms, we can determine if the score is above, below, or around the average for that group.  Criterion-referenced Tests. When test scores are compared, not to those of others, but to a given criterion or standard of performance.  Criterion-referenced tests measure the degree of mastery of very specific objectives.  The results of a criterion- referenced test should tell the teacher exactly what the students can and cannot do, at least under certain conditions

4. WHAT DO TEST SCORES MEAN?  Standardized tests are “the same directions are used for administering them in all classrooms and standard procedures are used for scoring and interpreting them.”  The tests are meant to be given under carefully controlled conditions so that students undergo the same experience.  Standard methods of developing items, administering the test, scoring it, and reporting the scores are all implied by the term standardized test.  Some of the measurements on which comparisons and interpretations are based.  A Frequency Distribution is a listing of the number of people who obtain each score or who fall into each range of scores on a test or other measurement procedure.

5. MEASUREMENTS OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND STANDARD DEVIATION  A MEAN is the arithmetical average of a group of scores.  The mean offers one way of measuring central tendency, the score that is typical or representative of the whole distribution of scores because it is descriptive of the centre in a histogram.