1. Survey of Microorganisms
Virus
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Algae
Fungi
protozoa

3. VIRUS Obligated intracellular parasite. host specific:
bacteriophage
animal virus
plant virus
according to its genetic material
DNA virus
RNA virus
Shape:
Most common shape is icosahedral , some are helical shape
Structure:
Protein capsid and genetic material some animal virus have
envelope with glycoprotein spikes
Life cycle: lytic infection lysogenic infection
Some animal virus are closely associated with certain cancers

4. Comparison of naked and enveloped viruses

9. The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(1)

10. The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(2)

11. The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(3)

12. Consequences of infection by a temperate bacteriophage

13. Quantification of a bacterial virus by plaque assay

20. Viral genomes

21. Plus/minus strand designation

22. Formation of mRNA by different types of viruses

23. Rolling circle replication of bacteriophage lambda

24. Shapes and relative sizes of vertebrate viruses(1)

25. Shapes and relative sizes of vertebrate viruses(2)

26. Possible effects of animals virus infection on cells

33. Retrovirus structure and function(1)

34. Replication process of a retroviruses(1)

35. Replication process of a retroviruses(2)

36. Retrovirus structure and function(2)

37. Retrovirus Gene Structure
Gag : group antigens
Pol : Reverse Transcriptase
Env : Envelope
Src : Code for Protein Kinase, responsible for the malignant transformation
Onc: Oncogen is analogous to the Src gene - induce transformation

38. DNA tumor virus 1. Epstein Bar Virus – Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2. Herpes Simplex type 2 – carcinoma of uterine cervix
3. Papilloma virus – uterine cervix
4. Hepatitis B – liver carcinoma

39. Taxonomy (1)
1. Species: Organism sharing a set of biological traits and reproducing only their exact kind. (Species is the fundamental unit in taxonomy)
a. strain: organisms within the species varying in a given quality
b. types: organisms within the species varying immunologically.
2. Genus: closely related species
3. Family : closely related genera

40. Taxonomy (2) 4. Order: closely related families
5. Class : closely related order
6. Phylum: related classes
Use nutritional patterns, as well as structure ones and biochemical properties, provide guidelines for classification of microorganisms. E.g.. Autotrophy, heterotopy, oxygen requirement etc.

41. Superkingdom Prokaryotes
Kingdom Monera
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria

42. Internal cell structure (1)

43. Superkingdom Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista
Branch protophyta
(Plant like protist)
algae
Branch protomycota (fungus like protists)
slime mold
Branch Protozoa
(animal like protists)
amoeba

44. Internal cell structure (2)

45. The electron micrographs of representatives

46. Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

52. Archaebacteria It is a procaryotes, different from bacteria.
Cell Membrane
Form lipid monolayer instead of lipid bilayer (in methanogens and thermophilic archaebacteria)
Cell Wall
Archaebacteria has no muramic acid and D-amino acids.
Had pseudopeptidoglycan (use N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid).
Most of them are thermphile or halophilic, or methanogens. Anaerobic.

53. Summary of major differentiating features between eubacteria, archaebacteria and eucaryotes
Characteristics
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eucaryotes 1.
Membrane-bound
nucleus
absent
present 2.
Cell wall
Muramic acid
No Muramic acid 3.
Membrane lipids
ester linked
ether linked 4.
Ribosome
70S
80S 5.
RNA polymerase
One (4 sub)
Several (8-12 sub)
3 (12-14 sub)

54. BACTERIA Typical prokaryotes. Three shapes: cocci, bacilli and spiral
Can be autotroph or heterotroph
Autotroph: photoautotroph or chemoautotroph
Heterotroph: parasite or saprophyte
According to Gram stain: G+ or G-
Type of reproduction: binary fission
Some genetic material transfer:
transformation, transduction and conjugation

55. Bacterial morphologies (1)

56. Bacterial morphologies (2)

57. Bacterial morphologies (3)

58. Bacterial morphologies (4)

59. The genetic map of the F-plasmid

60. Cyanobacteria Blue green algae, in both fresh and marine water.
A typical procayrotic living organism
Autotroph, photosynthesis machinery is very similar to higher plants.
No chloroplast, have chlorophyll and other pigments such as phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, carotene etc.
Three forms: unicellular, colonial and filaments.
Some filament cyanobacteria have heterocyst that can fix N2 to ammonia.
e.g. Anacystis , Oscillatoria

61. Fungi Eucaryotic living organisms Heterotroph (1) unicellular yeast
(2) muticellular molds

62. (1) Yeast Reproduction:
Budding processes (asexual reproduction) forming buds on the mother cell when mature, punch off to become new single yeast cells. sex spores (sexual reproduction), produce sex spores following the fusion of two separate cells.
Many yeast convert carbohydrates to alcohol for alcoholic beverages (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Some are used to raise bread (produce CO2 in the dough)

63. Multicellular fungi
More complex than yeast, many of them become visible as “mildew” in damp weather. have hair like structure (mycelium)
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Some mold are responsible for the flavor of fine cheeses.
Major sources of antibiotics
e.g. Penicillium chrysogenum for penicillin

64. Slim Mold (lower fungi)
This is a lower fungi, in Protista and protomycota.
It is similar to fungi, but distinct.
Heterotroph.
They live in cool, shady moist places in nature - on decaying wood, dead leaves or other damp organic matter.

65. Algae Eucaryotic living organisms Autotroph:
Carry out a green plant type of photosynthesis resulting in the photolysis of water and the evolution of O2.
Mainly aquatic in nature.
Some of the primitive ones are classified in protista; complex multicellular types are placed in plant kingdom.
Three forms: unicellular, filaments and colonial.
7 classes on the basis of their cellular structure, pigment composition. Only five will be discussed in here and differentiate them using food storage particles.
e.g. euglena, spirogyra and cladophora.

66. Algae have fucoxanthin, a brownish pigment Mainly marine water algae
Euglenoids
eg. Euglena
food storage is a lipoid polysaccharide - paramylum
Green algae
eg. Chlamydomonas
food storage - starch
Golden Brown algae
eg. Diatoms
food storage – oil and leucosin (a polysaccharide)
have fucoxanthin, a brownish pigment
Brown Algae
Mainly marine water algae
food storage – laminarin, a polysaccharide and mannitol, a sugar alcohol
Fire Algae
Dinoflagellate
eg. Peridinium
food storage – starch, fat, oils

67. Protozoa Unicellular, heterotroph
Animal like, move, they are either free living or parasites.
A wide variety of shapes and sizes
some elongated, some are oval.
Sizes: from 5-10 um to 1-2 mm.
Sexual or asexual reproduction
e.g. amoebas, paramecium

68. Protozoa
Asexually some exhibit sexual reproduction. Cyst, enables them to survive drought, heat and freezing.
Three Phyla:
Sarcomastigophora
subphyla Sarcodina Pseudopods eg. Amoeba
Mastigophora Zooflagellates eg. Heteronema
Ciliophora: most advanced and structurally complex of protozoa.
eg. Paramecium, Blepharisma, Stentor
Sporazoa
internal parasites eg. Plasmodium, the malarial parasite.