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Matter and Energy
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality Elements
Compounds
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds Atom - the basic building block of all chemical elements
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges Na+1
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Subatomic particles Protons (+) Neutrons (o) Electrons (-)
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element Hydrogen: AN = 1 Carbon: AN = 6 Uranium: AN = 92
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Mass Number (MN) - the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 Uranium: MN = 92 protons neutrons = 235
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules # protons = # electrons No net electrical charge
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Isotope - two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Ion - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative electrical charges
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Ions Sodium (Na) 11 protons + 11 electrons no net charge Loses 1 electron 11 electrons + 10 protons net + 1 charge (Na+1)
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bonds Ionic Covalent Hydrogen
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bonds Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction between oppositely charged ions
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bonds Covalent Bond - bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bonds Hydrogen Bond - occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Organic Inorganic
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Organic Compounds - compounds that contain carbon atoms that are bonded to other carbon atoms and/or with atoms of H, O, N, S, Cl, F
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Examples of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Methane gas (CH4) Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT (C14H9Cl5)
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Examples of Organic Compounds Chloroflurocarbons Freon-12 (CCl2F2) Simple carbohydrates Glucose (C6H12O6)
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Examples of Organic Compounds Complex carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds Examples of Inorganic Compounds Salt (NaCl) Water(H2O) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality Matter Quality
Matter Quality - a measure of how useful a matter resource is based on its availability and concentration
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Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Classification of Energy
Kinetic Potential Electromagnetic radiation
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Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Forms of Kinetic Energy
Heat - total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, and molecules within a given substance Temperature - the average speed of motion of the atoms, ions, and molecules in a sample of matter at a given moment
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Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Energy Quality
Energy Quality - the measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful work
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Physical Change - a change that involves no change in the chemical composition of the material
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Chemical Change - a change that involves changes in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds involved
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Changes - a process in which nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change into one or more different isotopes
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Types Natural radioactive decay Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Natural radioactive decay - process in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit high-energy, fast moving particles
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Fission - nuclear change in which the unstable nuclei isotopes are split into lighter nuclei when hit by a neutron
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Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Fusion - nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements (H) are forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus
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Matter and Energy The Law of Conservation of Matter
The Law of Conservation of Matter -in any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another
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Matter and Energy The Laws of Energy
First Law of Energy - in all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted to one form or another
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Matter and Energy The Laws of Energy
Second Law of Energy - in any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the high quality useful energy is converted to lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy
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