Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Fire Administration I Randy R. Bruegman Chapter 9 Analytical.

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Learning Objectives Explain the term standards of coverage Define the history of resource deployment Discuss the insurance service rating schedule Explain the national strategy for homeland security

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Learning Objectives Describe what probability and consequences are and why it is important in the development of community risk management Describe the Commission on Fire Accreditation International (CFAI) accreditation process Describe NFDA 1710 and 1720

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ History of Deployment and Strategies Station location Deployment of fire resources National Board of Fire Underwriters

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Development of National Standards of Fire Cover Riverdale Committee International standards of response of cover Integrated Risk Management Planning: The National Document Book

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Development of National Standards of Fire Cover Integrated Risk Management Planning Center for Public Safety Excellence fire service accreditation project Rand research project International City and County Management Association

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Development of National Standards of Fire Cover Public Technology Incorporated International Association of Fire Chiefs Center for Public Safety Excellence

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Community Risk Management Life Safety –Assessing potential harm to humans –Fire service responsibility –Individual (small group) risks vs. mass- casualty events –50 – 80 percent of responses are medically related

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Community Risk Management Life Safety –Evident risk of medical responses –Single-family residence hazards are an acknowledged risk –Multiple or mass casualties present greater challenges

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Community Risk Management Responder Risk –Often ignore risk to response personnel –UK expanded Standards of Cover to an Integrated Risk Management Plan –September 11 raised public awareness –Many standards were developed –Must be part of community-based analysis

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Community Risk Management Property Loss –Assessing fire risks and community response capabilities –Results of a serious fire –Wildfires in the urban interface –Building codes protect against risks –Communities expect safe buildings

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Community Risk Management Risk and Planning –Risk assessment effective when planning occurs as a result –Strategic planning –Safe, adequate response goals –Increase in terrorist acts or threats

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets National Strategy for Homeland Security Identifies strategic framework Aligns homeland security efforts into critical mission areas

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Critical Mission Areas –Intelligence and Warning –Border and Transportation Security –Domestic Counter-terrorism

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Critical Mission Areas –Protecting Critical infrastructures and Key Assets –Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism –Emergency Preparedness and Response

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets A New Mission –Risk assessment model prior to September 11 –September 11 and the threat of terrorism –September 11 demonstrated our national- level physical vulnerability

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Homeland Security and Infrastructure Protection: A Shared Responsibility –Requires a cooperative national paradigm –Emergence of terrorism within our borders

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Critical infrastructures are “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters.”

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Critical Infrastructure Sectors –Agriculture –Food –Water –Public Health –Emergency Services –Government –Defense Industrial Base

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Critical Infrastructure Sectors –Information and Telecommunications –Energy –Transportation –Banking and Finance –Chemical Industry and Hazardous Materials –Postal and Shipping

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Importance of Key Assets –Individual targets –National symbols

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets Challenge to Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets: The New Front Lines –Wide array of potential targets –Over 87,000 jurisdictions of local governance

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Critical infrastructures generally robust and resilient Areas persistently subjected to natural disasters adapt Challenge at the local level

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Probability and Consequences –Basis for risk assessment –Compare frequency and damage –Probability matrix –Understanding leads to effective strategic planning

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Community Response to Risk –Why communities are not prepared –May not address identified risks –Politics may be cause of inaction –Response may be based on policy decisions –Emergency response

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Community Risk Assessment: Fire Suppression –Consider frequency and severity of fires –Probability and consequences –Distribution and concentration –Relationship varies –Must achieve a balance for best results

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Standards of Response Coverage: Integrated Risk Management Planning –Critical elements for emergency response –Each event requires unique resources –Level of service requires decisions on distribution and concentration

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Standards of Response Coverage: Integrated Risk Management Planning –Distribution of resources objectives –Factors indicating higher concentration –Level of service based on agency ability to respond after risk assessment

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ National Resilience: Sustaining Protection for the Long Term Risk Assessment Model –Elements –Communities have wide range of potential risks –Community-based management

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Cascade of Events Event initiation point Emergency event awareness Alarm Notification Alarm processing time Turnout time

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Encounter a wide variety of conditions at each fire Suppression, service-level objectives are intended to prevent flashover

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Stages of Fire Growth –Stage 1: Ignition stage –Stage 2: Flame stage –Stage 3: Smoldering stage –Stage 4: Free burning of flashover stage

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Stages of Fire Growth –Flashover temperatures –Lethal fire gas production –Time frames –Factors affecting flashover –Flashover is a critical stage of fire growth

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Significance of Flashover –Staffing and equipment needs can be predicted for different fire stages –Suppression goals

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Scene Operations –Property and life risk determine tasks –Fire flow –Basis for life safety tasks –Key to incident success is coordinated teamwork

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities What is an Effective Response Force? –Effective response force –Cannot hold fire or other risks to zero

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating Fire Suppression Capabilities Response Reliability –Probability that required staffing and equipment will be available when a call is received –Factors affecting response reliability –Optimum ways to track response reliability

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluating EMS Capabilities Service-level objective usually 6 minutes Recommended time stamps Early defibrillation Chain of survival Time the crew reaches the patient’s side

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Insurance companies fund loss prevention and fire mitigation initiatives Public Protection Classification (PPC) program

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Early History of Evaluating Fire Departments –Threat of conflagrations –Water-supply system issues –National Board of Fire Underwriters –Baltimore Conflagration of 1904 –NBFU surveyed major cities

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Early History of Evaluating Fire Departments –NBFU reports –Encouraged cities to make improvements –Analyzed reliability as well as adequacy of firefighting facilities –Model building code in 1905

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Permanent Fire –Protection Grading System –NBFU intended to survey each city once –Schedule for Grading Cities and Towns of the United States with Reference to Their Fire Defense and Physical Conditions

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Permanent Fire-Protection Grading System –Schedule was published in 1916 –Included additional deficiency points –Focused on the central business district

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Keeping the Schedule Up to Date –1922 and 1930 editions after introduction of motorized apparatus –1942 edition looked beyond central business district –1956 edition and 1964 amendments reflected growth patterns

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating ISO Takes Responsibility for Municipal Grading –ISO was created in 1971 –1974 schedule –Basis of the modified insurance classification system –Separately evaluates and rates specific commercial buildings

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Fire Suppression Rating Schedule –1980 version is basis for the PPC system –Develops a number for each community –Represents average class of fire protection –Compares average available protection with average needed protection

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Fire Suppression Rating Schedule –Telephone Service –Operators –Dispatch Circuits –Engine Companies –Reserve Pumpers –Pump Capacity

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Fire Suppression Rating Schedule –Ladder and Service Companies –Reserve Ladder and Service Trucks –Distribution of Companies –Company Personnel –Training –Water Supply

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Fire Suppression Rating Schedule –Hydrants: Size, Type, and Installation –Inspection and Condition of Hydrants –Total Credit and Divergence –Class 8B –Class 9

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Individual Property and Fire Suppression –Separate rules for large unsprinklered buildings –Evaluation of Fire Department Companies –Water Supply system –Classification for an Individual Property

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Determining the PPC for a Community –Components of ISO evaluation –Classes 1 through 8 –Class 8B –Class 9 –Class 10 –Split class

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating How PPC Information Connects Fire Departments and Insurers –Community Mitigation Classification Manual –Benefits of improved PPC ratings

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating How PPC Information Affects Individual Insurance Policies –Commercial property premiums based on individual analysis –Individual property premiums are based on class rating or specific rating –Both consider the PPC at the property

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluation of Fire Departments as a Factor in Property Insurance Rating Estimating the Effect of a Change in PPC on a Community –Residential properties –Commercial and industrial property –Fire is the leading cause of loss for personal and commercial property insurance

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Introduction –Founded in 1988 –Became Center for Public Safety Excellence in 2006

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International CFAI mission Provides comprehensive system of emergency service evaluation Governance by 11 commissioners

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Commission on Fire Accreditation International Organization Chart

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Evaluation importance Self-assessment Focuses on efficiency Ten categories to evaluate performance

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Objectives of the CFAI program –Provide an accreditation system –Defines a model accreditation system –Provides a systems model –Ultimate goal –Purpose of a fire service agency

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Effects on Level of Service –Risk control is combination of public and private funding –Element of fire losses

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Effects on Level of Service –Fire service is not an isolated organization within government

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Effects on Level of Service –Integrated risk modeling –Level of risk is low and commitment of resources is high –Level of risk is high and commitment of resources is inadequate

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Commission of Fire Accreditation International Assessing Benefit –Factors to consider –Local factors and peculiarities

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Standards of response coverage Risk categories Expanded model

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Risk Assessment –Risk assessment model –Strategy to achieve service level objectives –Level of service

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Standards of Measurement –Fire flow –Probability –Consequence –Occupancy risk –Fire management area –Community profile –Distribution –Concentration

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Developing a Standards of Response Coverage –Must be clearly defined –Factors impacting times

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Risk Assessment –Purpose –Hazard –Risk –Evaluation system –Provide information to elected officials –Calculate vulnerability score

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Response Time –Notification/9-1-1 dispatch processing –Turnout time –Travel time –Total response time

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response - Metropolitan

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response - Urban

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response - Suburban

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response - Rural

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response - Wilderness

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response CFAI Benchmarks and Baselines of Performance: Service Area/Population Density, Definition and Response –Analysis should reflect agency performance –One size fits all does not apply to standards of cover

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Creating and Evaluating an Integrated Risk Management Plan Standards of Response Integration, Reporting, and Policy Decisions –Final integrated risk management plan –Key points –Final deployment plan

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ NFPA 1710 Origin and Development –Emphasizes key areas for successful operation –Legal implications –Common template for evaluating performance –Time components

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ NFPA 1710 Origin and Development –Annual service evaluation based on actual data –Written mutual-aid pacts –Multiple agency response

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ NFPA 1710 Fire Suppression –Benchmarks for structural fires –On-duty personnel –Response area –Companies –Multiple apparatus make up a company –Initial response

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ NFPA 1710 Special, ARFF, Marine, and Wildland Operations –Must define types of special operations –All responders trained to first responder operations level –Define response capabilities –Limit level of special operations response

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Conclusion Challenge for today’s fire service leader Risk analysis should be problem driven, not method driven

Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Fire Administration I Randy R. Bruegman Chapter 9 Analytical.

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Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Fire Administration I Randy R. Bruegman Chapter 9 Analytical.

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Presentation on theme: "Bruegman, Fire Administration 2/e © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Fire Administration I Randy R. Bruegman Chapter 9 Analytical."— Presentation transcript:

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