1. Marine Pollution 018

3. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents Marine Pollutants

4. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Farm runoff 20%Air pollutants 20% Marine transportation 10% Offshore oil 10% Industrial wastewater 5% Litter 5%

5. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003. Petroleum Hydrocarbons

6. Pearl & Hermes Atoll Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas

7. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska 10 million gallons of oil spilled 400 miles of shore line affected $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

8. The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. Spain November 19, 2002 Lifeboat w/ dead bird sinking incident

9. Persian Gulf War (1991) 240 million gallons of oil spilled

10. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day Estimated 206 million gallons spilled

11. Containing oil spills: Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship Burning oil off Chemical dispersants Bioremediation- bacteria

12. Containing oil spills: Hair Booms

13. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff31.1% Tanker operations21.8% Coastal facilities13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

14. 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface Plastics

15. “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi 2. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

16. 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6 Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded

18. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

19. Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds. hypersaline lake (120- 140 o / oo ) Laysan Island Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

20. Sooty tern Laysan finch Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks

21. Laysan Island Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

22. Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris

23. Albatross Chick

25. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

26. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

27. Nontoxic Chemical Spills Sept. 10, 2013 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon 30,000 fish dead

28. Toxic Chemical Spills

29. PCBs DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines

30. Biomagnification

31. Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes Mercury (Hg) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) Cadmium (Cd) Toxic Metals

32. Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan Mercury

34. Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) Banned in U.S. 1980s Acts as an immunosuppressor Accumulations unusually high in small whales May be associated with strandings Copper

35. Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification Lead

37. Coral Bleaching healthy coral: zooxanthellae in tissue of polyp dead coral: skeleton covered in algae bleached coral: zooxanthellae expelled from tissue (reversible)

38. Thermal Effluents and Coral Bleaching Coral Bleaching

40. Some causes of coral bleaching Unusually high or low temperatures Unusually high or low salinity High amounts of visible or ultraviolet light Sedimentation High levels of nutrients (sewage, etc.) High levels of toxins (pesticides, etc.)

41. Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% No evidence of acclimation Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner No mortality Ocean Acidification

42. Sewage Causes disease outbreaks Contributes to eutrophication Point Source Pollution

43. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? 40 straight days of rain 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

44. Disease

45. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff nutrient enrichment of coastal waters physiological consequences on corals ecological consequences –phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration –benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

46. Nutrients and Algae Growth

48. Atomic Testing

50. Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

51. Nuclear Contamination SEVERE HIGH ELEVATED GUARDED LOW

52. Ocean Dumping total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies US Other Switzerland Great Britain USSR

53. Arctic Ocean Russia Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Moscow

54. Why is it Important? Chernobyl: estimated 32,000 deaths Very, very long-term storage facility needed (where?) Cleanup (Hanford: $500 billion?) High-risk of contamination Many medical difficulties due to contamination

55. Thermal Effluents Power plants

56. Non-Point Source Pollution Ala Wai Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed.

57. Sediment Runoff

58. Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean (Maui)

59. Corals Smothered in Sediment

60. Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations

61. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)

62. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds

63. Other Wastes

64. 1989

66. Net Damage

67. French Frigate Shoals (2001) Kure Atoll

68. Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island

69. Munitions Dumping Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)

70. Munitions Dumping 1940’s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu

71. 1.Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2.Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3.Which event was the largest oil spill in history? 4.Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 5.What may result when eutrophication occurs? Inquiry