1. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Training the Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy Systems Chapter 13 Section 5: Exercise Training and Adaptations

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4. Training Principles Overload principle –Achieving the appropriate overload requires manipulating combinations of training frequency, intensity, and duration, with focus on exercise mode Specificity principle –Refers to adaptations in metabolic and physiologic systems that depend on the type of overload imposed

5. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Training Principles (cont’d) Individual differences principle –Variations in training responses among individuals Reversibility principle –Detraining occurs relatively rapidly when a person quits their exercise training regimen

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7. Exercise Facts Less than 13% of U.S. adults exercise regularly at sufficient intensity and duration to satisfy current guidelines to attain a minimum fitness level More than 60% of those who initiate or renew a personal exercise program do not maintain it at the appropriate level

8. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Anaerobic System Changes Adaptations with sprint–power training include: –Increased levels of anaerobic substrates –Increased quantity and activity of key enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism –Increased capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out exercise

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10. Aerobic System Changes Adaptations with aerobic training include: –Enhanced capacity to generate ATP aerobically –Increased mitochondria number and density –Improved ability to oxidize fatty acids, particularly triacylglycerols stored within active muscle, during steady-rate exercise

11. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Aerobic System Changes (cont’d) Adaptations with aerobic training include: –An enhanced capacity to oxidize carbohydrate –Adaptations in both muscle fiber types, enhancing each fiber’s existing aerobic capacity and lactate threshold level without any great change in muscle fiber type

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14. Training and Carbohydrate Catabolism Increased carbohydrate catabolism during intense aerobic exercise serves two important functions –Provides for a considerably faster aerobic energy transfer than from fat breakdown –Liberates about 6% more energy than fat per quantity of oxygen consumed

15. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Cardiovascular Adaptations Increased left ventricular cavity size Increased left plasma volume Increased stroke volume Reduction in submaximal heart rate Increased maximal cardiac output Increased maximal oxygen extraction

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18. Blood Lactate Metabolism Aerobic exercise training extends the level of exercise intensity before the onset of blood lactate accumulation by: –Decreasing rate of lactate formation during exercise –Increasing rate of lactate clearance (removal) during exercise –Combining the effects of decreased lactate clearance and increased lactate removal

19. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Aerobic Training and Body Composition Exercise only or exercise combined with calorie restriction reduces body fat more than fat lost with dieting only because exercise conserves the body’s lean tissue

20. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Aerobic Training and Body Heat Transfer Well-hydrated, aerobically trained individuals exercise more comfortably in hot environments because of a larger plasma volume and more responsive thermoregulatory mechanisms

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22. Factors Affecting the Aerobic Training Response Initial level of cardiorespiratory fitness Training frequency Training duration Training intensity Trainability and genes Maintenance of aerobic fitness gains Tapering for peak performance

23. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Formulating an Aerobic Training Program General guidelines –Start slowly –Allow a warm-up period –Allow a cool-down period

24. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Guidelines for Children Children are not small adults Accumulate more than 60 minutes, and up to several hours per day, of age and developmentally appropriate activities for elementary school children

25. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Guidelines for Children (cont’d) Some of the child’s physical activity each day should be in periods lasting 10 to 15 minutes or more and include moderate to vigorous activity; this activity will be intermittent in nature, involving alternating moderate to vigorous activity with brief rest and recovery periods

26. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Establishing Training Intensity Train at –A percentage of O 2max –A percentage of maximum heart rate –A perception of effort –The lactate threshold

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28. Methods of Training Anaerobic training Aerobic training –Continuous –Intermittent

29. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Aerobic Training: Continuous Also known as long slow distance (LSD) Requires sustained, steady-rate aerobic exercise LSD training generally progresses at the relatively comfortable threshold intensity of 70% HR max, although it can increase to the 85 or 90% level

30. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Aerobic Training: Intermittent Also known as interval training Provides periods of intense activity interspersed with moderate to low energy expenditure, which characterize many sport and life activities Simulates this variation in energy transfer intensity through specific spacing of exercise and rest periods

31. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Interval Training Four factors help to formulate the interval training prescription: –Intensity of exercise interval –Duration of exercise interval –Duration of recovery interval –Repetitions of exercise-recovery interval

32. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The Overtraining Syndrome 10% to 20% of athletes experience the syndrome of overtraining, or “staleness” A result of complex interactions among biologic and psychologic influences

33. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness Unexplained and persistently poor performance and high fatigue ratings Prolonged recovery from typical training sessions or competitive events Disturbed mood states characterized by general fatigue, apathy, depression, irritability, and loss of competitive drive

34. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness (cont’d) Persistent feelings of muscle soreness and stiffness in muscles and joints Elevated resting pulse and increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections (altered immune function) and gastrointestinal disturbances

35. Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Symptoms of Overtraining and Staleness (cont’d) Insomnia Loss of appetite, weight loss, and inability to maintain proper body weight for competition Overuse injuries