1. Dr. Michael R. Hyman, NMSU Writing Good Questions

2. 2 A QUESTIONNAIRE IS ONLY AS GOOD AS THE QUESTIONS IT ASKS

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5. 5 Plan What to Measure What information is required? Who are appropriate target respondents? What data collection method will be used to survey respondents?

6. 6 Preface: Open-ended versus Close-ended Questions

7. 7 Close-ended Questions Communication skills of respondent less critical Speedy response Easier to answer Data quickly coded & entered Easier to analyze Less-skilled or no interviewer needed Can’t obtain in-depth response Poor at providing new insights Harder to write Answer may not fully reflect respondent’s attitude Categories hint at right answers Advantages Disadvantages

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9. 9 Open-ended Questions Wide range of responses Encourages response Good for probing Biased by respondent articulateness Interviewer bias Hard to record answers Coding inconsistency Hard/costly to code Reduced cross-study comparability Tabulating complexity Costly Advantages Disadvantages

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11. 11 Guidelines for Writing Good Questions

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13. 13 Be Clear and Precise

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17. 17 Responses Should Be Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive

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19. 19 Use Natural and Familiar Language

20. 20 Use Natural and Familiar Language Grinder Hoagie Hero Submarine Poor Boy

21. 21 Avoid Leading Questions

22. 22 Leading version: 1. Do you believe that private citizens have the right to own firearms to defend themselves, their families, and property from violent criminal attack? YesNoUndecided Improved version: 2. Do you believe that a ban on the private ownership of firearms would be significantly reduce the number of murders and robberies in your community? YesNoUndecided Avoid Leading Questions

23. 23 Avoid Double-barreled Questions

24. 24 Avoid Double- barreled Questions

25. 25 Ask One Question at a Time

26. 26 State Alternatives Explicitly

27. 27 Questions Should Yield Reliable and Valid Answers Relevance Memory –Omission –Telescoping –Creation

28. 28 Provide Appropriate Time Referents

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32. 32 Example of Order Bias

33. 33 Sources of Order Effects in Self- administered Questionnaires

34. 34 Other Guidelines

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39. 39 Procedures for Softening Impact of Potentially Objectionable Questions

40. 40 Asking Sensitive Question Respondent randomly selects which of two questions—one innocuous and one sensitive—to answer Questions: Last digit of SS# odd? Sensitive question? n=1000 If 300 ‘yes’ answers, then 50 of 500 (10%) answered ‘yes’ to sensitive question

41. 41 Poor Questions

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