1. How do humans affect the marine environment both directly and indirectly? For each effect, discuss how it affects a specific marine environment and why this effect is harmful to marine life. For one effect, discuss how it can have an impact both locally and across an entire ocean.

2. Effects of humans on the marine environment Direct effects Indirect effects

4. Minamata Disease: methyl mercury poisoning, Japan, 1950s & 1960s

5. Greenhouse effect and global warming One of major greenhouse gases is CO2 CO 2 + H 2 O O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Sources of CO2 respiration by plants and animals on land respiration by marine plankton, algae, animals combustion of fuel (industry, cars, burning of forest) volcanic eruptions

7. Greenhouse effect and global warming Planet is warming + 0.5 degrees C (0.9 degrees F) 1900-2000 UN predicts +1.0 to 5.8 deg C (2.1-11 F) by end of 21 st century CO2 up 25% since 1850 Predicted Consequences of warmer temperatures: more storms, flooding, climate change sea level rise (ice caps, expansion of water) 1-5 feet by 2030?

8. Sea level rise Cause: melting of ice caps, expansion of warmer water Predicted rise of 1-5 feet by 2030 Netherlands, Florida, New Orleans will be much smaller Island nations may disappear (Maldives, Kiribati) Coral reefs and mangroves will be under deeper water

9. Predicted effects on global warming on marine life Coral bleaching and disease Change in ocean currents Gulf Stream moves: NW Europe colder Flooding of mangroves and estuaries Change in species that are fished Plankton hurt by radiation in Antarctica (ozone hole) indirect effects on rest of life there

10. Coral Bleaching: symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) expelled

11. Bleached polyps of anemone

12. CFCs (Chloroflourocarbons) used in sprays and air conditioners: CFCs: are a greenhouse gas Destroy the ozone layer (O3) that cuts out UV Ozone hole over Antarctica was 3X size of USA in 2000

13. Predicted effects on global warming on marine life Coral bleaching and disease Change in ocean currents Gulf Stream moves: NW Europe colder Flooding of mangroves and estuaries Change in species that are fished Plankton hurt by radiation in Antarctica (ozone hole) indirect effects on rest of life there

14. What can be done? 1) Kyoto Climate Change Conference (1997) Agreed to 6% to 8% reduction in greenhouse gases from 1990 levels by 2012 Requires consumers and industries to cut use of fossil fuels and CFCs USA withdrew from agreement in 2001

15. What can be done? 1) Kyoto Climate Change Conference (1997) 2) Fertilization of oceans (Iron is limiting factor in oceans) Photosynthesis uses CO2, gives off O2 CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 (sugar) Increase photosynthesis by fertilizing ocean and phytoplankton.

16. Figure 18 p.422

17. Figure 18 p.422 (right)

19. European green shore crab introduced SF 1989 Spread along Pacific, NE USA, Australia, South Africa Can live in wide range of salinities Voracious predator Comb jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) from N and S America Devastated fishery in Black Sea, also in SF Bay Zebra mussel from Europe to Great Lakes 1988

20. San Francisco Bay: 250 introduced species Busy port (ballast water of ships brings in non-native species) Highly disturbed habitat invasives (weeds) more tolerant of fluctuating physical conditions, pollution Diseases of non-natives transferred to native species (Still unclear why non-native species often do so well and outcompete native species) Cultural bias against introduced species?

21. Toxic Algae Blooms Increasing worldwide Accumulate in fish, shellfish Can sicken or kill people

22. Artificial reefs

23. What can you do to save the oceans?