1. Lecture 20: Air masses & fronts (Ch 9) conditions under which ELR approximates DALR or SALR trying to locate surface fronts – example of guidance from 850 mb map a look at a complex case where pressure field shows distinct influences of a mid-lat. storm and a lee trough - difficult or impossible to detect surface fronts any spare time - questions

2. Conditions under which actual lapse rate (ELR) approximates DALR or SALR 925-720 mb layer “neutral w.r.t. unsaturated adiabatic motion” (well-mixed) 700-500 mb layer “neutral w.r.t. saturated adiabatic motion” (well-mixed) “well-mixed” implies Q H =0

3. warm air cut off from the surface by the meeting of two cold fronts Fig. 9-10 Fig. 9-4

4. Hudson’s Bay (data sparse) (ice?) ? 12 hr motion ? The red dots are points of reference 00Z, 23 April 2006 Can we diagnose fronts associated with this Manitoba storm?

5. The red dots are points of reference 00Z, 23 April 2006 warm frontal surface slopes up to N? cold frontal surface slopes up to W?

6. CMC surface analysis, 12Z Nov 28, 2003. Storm trough through C. and NE. Ab, plus wind induced lee trough in the SW complicating pattern; wind warning for SW Ab. Would/could you diagnose a front (or fronts) associated with this N. Alberta storm? very cold cold mild plenty of contrast in: T wind dir’n p trend + well defined troughs Tight gradient – Chinook winds

7. when wind impinges on an obstacle, no matter what the scale of the obstacle, one usually sees a pressure drop from upwind side to downwind side, ie. relatively low pressure in the wake (or lee) of the obstacle. thus on the synoptic scale when a strong wind impinges on a mountain barrier, the consequence may be the development of a trough of low pressure in the lee (the strong pressure gradient associated with this trough goes hand in hand with the strong Chinook type wind) sometimes a closed surface low forms in/from the lee trough… name for this event is "Lee Cyclogenesis'' the fact that the lee trough phenomenon is occurring complicates the interpretation of this low Alberta Lee Trough

8. CMC 700 mb analysis, 12Z Nov 28, 2003. SW current aloft across Rockies (associated with coastal trough) trough of warm air aloft (trowal) drier in the trowal as well trowal is signature of adiabatic compression of descending current

9. 17Z Nov 28, 2003. break in the high cloud in lee of Alberta Rockies is sign of adiabatic compression of descending current

10. CMC 850 mb analysis, 12Z Nov 28, 2003 trough of warm air aloft (trowal) isotherms helpful in thinking about fronts ??

11. CMC surface analysis, 12Z Nov 28, 2003 Impossible to place surface fronts on basis of classic signs… in case of doubt, pointless to insist they exist… very cold cold mild