1. Differences in production account for differences in perception: The Gradual Learning Algorithm predicts language-specific cue weighting Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam Paola Escudero, University of Reading Lisbon, February 2, 2001

2. Sound Contrasts  Sound contrasts and acoustic information  An example of a sound contrast in English  What are the acoustic differences between the two?

3. Acoustic cues to “sheep” vs. “ship”

4. Elspeth and Liz’s production environments

5. Do Elspeth and Liz perceive [350 Hz, 80 ms] as “sheep” or as “ship?

6. Why using the nearest production prototype in perception?  Why not perceiving it as an /e/ or an /o/?  Answer: “ likelihood maximisation ”, the most likely category  Functional principle: minimisation of perceptual confusion probability

7. How do Elspeth and Liz perceive the segments reliably? [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /I/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /i/ /I/*!*  /i/ ** [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /i/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /I/  /I/ ** /i/*!*

8. How about baby Elspeth and baby Liz?

9.  Little Elspeth makes a mistake when categorising [350 Hz, 80 ms] [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /i/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /I/  /I/ ** **  /i/*!  **

10. Little Elspeth and little Liz have learned to perceive “sheep” and “ship” reliably”, they are adults

12. The perception of real adult Elspeth and Liz