1. Concept of Measurement
The ability to demonstrate change or relationship and to communicate those changes to others.
Describes the quality or quantity of an existing variable e.g. ROM and strength

2. Concept of Measurement
Evaluate a patients condition and response to treatment. We measure change
Is the process of assigning numerals to objects to represent quantitative characteristics according to certain rules.

3. Variable:
a characteristic that can be manipulated or observed and that can take on different values, either
Quantitatively
Qualitatively
The ability to measure a variable is dependent on one’s ability to define it.

4. Continuous Variable: can take on any value along a continuum within a defined range
(e.g. ROM or 50 0)
Discrete Variable: described only in whole numbers (e.g. HR)
Construct: an abstract concept that is invented to represent unmeasureable behaviors or ideas

5. Rules of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

6. Rules of Measurement
Nominal - numerals represent category labels only, classifications
Sex
Blood Type
Clinical Diagnosis

7. Ordinal - numbers indicate rank order of observations
MMT
Pain
Functional Status

8. Interval - equal intervals between numbers but not related to true zero, therefore not representing an absolute quantity IQ F0
Calendar Years

9. Ratio - numbers represent units with equal intervals, measured from true zero
Weight
Strength BP

10. Reliability
Reliability - the extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error ( repeatability)
Usefulness of measurement in clinical research and decision making depends on the extent to which the therapist can rely on data as accurate and meaningful indicator of behavior or attribute

11. Reliability
Usefulness of measurement in clinical research and decision making
Depends on the extent to which the therapist can rely on data as accurate and meaningful indicator of behavior or attribute

12. Measurement Errors X = T + E Observed Score True Score Error
Measurements are rarely perfectly reliable
Error in Measurement
X = T E
Observed Score True Score Error
Errors can be-
Systematic Errors: are predictable errors of measurement
Random Errors: due to chance (unpredictable)

13. Source of Measurement Error
Rater error
Inaccuracies in the measuring instruments
variability of the characteristics being measured

14. Source of Measurement Error
Development of testing instruments involve a specific protocol that maximizes the reliability of the instrument. Errors are identified and then controlled or eliminated:
Careful Planning
Clear Operational Definitions
Inspection of Equipment

15. Estimate of Reliability
True Score Variance
True Score Variance and Error Variance T
T + E
T + E T reliability increases
1.00 perfect reliability
.00 no reliability

16. Correlation: degree of association between two sets of data or variables.
Correlation between height and weight
Not cause and effect research
State two variables are related (X,Y)
No true variable manipulation
Acceptable levels of positive and negative correlations
A level of significance
1.0 perfect
.75 good
.50 poor

17. Test - retest reliability
Establishes that an instrument is capable of measuring a variable with consistency. Analysis called test-rest reliability coefficient.
Effected by:
Testing Effects - practice or carry over effect test
Rater Bias - same rater can be influenced by the memory of the first score. Controlled by blinding tester.

18. 3-Test-Retest Interval time
4-Carryover & testing effects
Rater reliability - Rater is part of measurement system, in some cases is the actual instrument.

19. Intrarater Reliability - refers to the stability of data recorded by one individual across two or more trials Interrater Reliability - concerns variation between two or more raters who measure the same group of subjects

20. Validity of Measurement
Validity - concerns the extent to which an instrument measures what is is intended to measure.
Implies that measurement is relatively free from error. Valid test must also be reliable.
Low reliability low validity
High reliability is not automatically valid
Validity helps us make inferences about variables on relevant observable behavior or responses. Inferences go beyond the simple value assigned to them.

21. Specificity of Validity
Face Validity - instrument appears to test what it is supposed to
Content Validity - indicates that the items that make up an instrument adequately sample the universe of content that defines that variable being measured

22. Specificity of Validity
Criterion-related validity - indicates the outcomes of one instrument, the target test that can be used as a substitute measure for an established gold standard criterion test, can be concurrent or predictive

23. Specificity of Validity
Concurrent validity - establishes validity when two measures are taken at relatively the same time.
Predictive validity - establishes that the outcome of the target test can be used to predict a future criterion score.
Prescriptive validity-establishes that the interpretation of a measurement is appropriate for determining effective intervention

24. Specificity of Validity
Construct validity - establishes the ability of an instrument to measure an abstract construct and the degree to which the instrument reflects the theoretical components of the construct.

25. Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures
A diagnostic test is used to screen for the presence or absence of a disease or abnormal condition
Dichotomous
Categorical
Continuous

26. Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures
Sensitivity-the ability of the test to obtain a positive test when the target condition is present

27. Evaluating Diagnostic Procedures
Specificity-Is the ability of the test to obtain a negative test when the condition is really absent

28. Measuring Change Goal of tx is to effect a positive change
Difference between outcome and initial is change or gain score
Used to analyze the effect of tx or intervention

29. Goals Measure change in an individual performance or condition
Measure differences between individuals in the amount of change
Seek to identify factors that contribute to a good response
Intend to draw inferences about tx effects by looking at group differences

30. Validity of change scores
Level of measurement
Reliability
Stability
Linearity