1. Session 5: Indoor Air, Work Performance and Productivity May 30, 2007 Building services for the young to serve the old in The Netherlands F. Franchimon MSc A.J.H.A Ament PhD C.E.E. Pernot Msc L.G.H. Koren PhD J. Knies Msc J.E.M.H. van Bronswijk PhD

2. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.2 Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Productivity and Sick Leave [Wargocki et al, 2002] School performances [Shaughnessy et al, 2006] Macro-economical analysis [Fisk, 2000] Reducing Energy Consumption vs. IAQ [Sobottka et al, 1996 and Fisk, 2000] Aging Society [UN, 2007] Chronic Disease burden: Asthma, COPD, and ‘lung cancer’ AIM: Macro-economical analysis to bridge the gap between building and healthcare to determine the breakeven point of a new generation of building services Indoor Air Quality and Profitability

3. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.3 IntroductionMethodology Results Discussion Material Presence in Human Life in Dutch Population Total Indoors Dwellings 73.1%85.7% Schools 3.0%3.5% Offices 9.3%10.9% Dutch Building Stock Number Area [m 2 ] X 10 6 Dwellings6,764,000616 Schools 8,166 9 Offices Not available 43

4. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.4 IntroductionMethodology Results Discussion Exposure levels of disease related agents (Literature study) Allergens (mites), TVOCs, ETS Healthy Life Years DALY : Disability Adjusted Life Years [WHO, 2006] DALY = Premature Death + Lost healthy Years Health Care Expenditure Exploitation costs Investment of new generation building services Depreciation (15 years) Interest (5%) Maintenance Energy costs (according Dutch Standard) Method

5. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.5 IntroductionMethodology Results Discussion Building Services Intervention Dwellings:Upgrading ACH by 1.5 [Harving and Korsgaard, 1994] Demand Controlled Ventilation Schools:Early morning purge [Chan and Chao, 2002] Upgrading ACH by 1.5 [Daisey et al, 2003] Demand Controlled Ventilation Offices:Early morning purge [Chan and Chao, 2002] Demand Controlled Ventilation No recirculation

6. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.6 Introduction MethodologyResults Discussion Exposures and DALY gains (Occurrence x Exposure Time) in Human Lifespan AllergensTVOCsETS Dwellings100%86%100% Schools0%3%0% Offices0%11%0% Dominant Building related Exposures AllergensTVOCsETS Asthma80% 1 -- COPDX-60% 2 Lung cancerX-25% 3 1 del Giudice et al., 2002 2 Robbins, et al., 2007 3 Hackshaw, 1997 DALYs x 10 3 Building DALYs Before intervention x 10 3 Reduction intervention DALYs after intervention x 10 3 Asthma3480%2775%20 COPD14560%8750%44 Lung cancer13525%3475%25

7. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.7 Introduction MethodologyResults Discussion Benefits and Exploitation Additional Exploitation Costs DwellingsSchoolsOfficesTOTAL x 10 6 Investment € 21,694 € 45 € 749 € 22,488 Depreciation € 1,446 € 3 € 50 € 1,499 Interest € 542 € 1 € 19 € 562 Maintenance € 267 € 0.2 € 28 € 295 Energy € -550 € 7 € -5 € -548 Yearly Exploitation € 1,705 € 11 € 92 € 1,808 € 1,808 Health Care Benefits DALY gains DALYs economically 1 Health Care Expenditure TOTAL x 10 3 x 10 6 Asthma 20 € 407€ 297€ 704 COPD 44 € 873€ 64€ 937 Lung cancer 25 € 507€ 32€ 539 TOTAL89€ 1.787€ 393 € 2.180 1 1 DALY = € 20,000

8. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.8 Introduction MethodologyResults Discussion Breakeven Point Breakeven point = k€ 15.8

9. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.9 Introduction Methodology ResultsDiscussion Discussion Productivity and Sick Leave are not considered Energy consumption is (in general) decreasing through demand controlled ventilation although: (i) higher ventilation rate (ii) early morning purge (iii) no recirculation Cultural factors are involved in decision making Dwellings are dominant Penetration of new generation building services in Risk GroupsConclusion Providing new generation building services in the entire lifespan leads towards more vital people up to a high age

10. May 30, 2007F.Franchimon MSc.10 References Chan GY and Chao CY, 2002. Quantification of indoor TVOC levels from different sources in mechanically ventilated buildings. Indoor Environment 11(6): 340-350 Daisey JM, Angell WJ, Apte MG, 2003. Indoor air quality and health symptoms in schools: an analysis of existing information. Indoor Air: 13(1):53-64 Fisk WJ, 2000.Health and productivity gains from better indoor environments and their relationship with building energy efficiency. Annual Review of Energy and The Environment 25: 537-566 Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ, 2007.The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. British Medical Journal 315(7114): 980–988 Harving H, Korsgaard J, 1994. Clinical efficacy of reduction in house-dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated healthy homes. Allergy 49 (10): 866-870 del Giudice MM, et al., 2002. Atopy and house dust mite sensitization as risk factors for asthma in children. Allergy 57(2): 169-172 Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ., 1997.The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. British Medical Journal 1997; 315(7114): 980–988 Robbins AS, Abbey DE, Lebowitz MD, 2007. Passive smoking and chronic respiratory disease symptoms in non-smoking adults. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993. 22(5): 809-817 Sobottka A and Thriene B, 1996. Sanitation programmes for living spaces and health risks involved. Toxicology 88(1-3): 365-368 Shaughnessy RJ, et al., 2006.The effect of classroom air temperature and outdoor supply rate on the performance of school work with children. Indoor Air 16(6): 465-468 UN, 2007.URL: http://esa.un.org/unpp/; retrieved on April 2007 Wargocki P, Sundell J, Bischof W, 2002.Ventilation and health in non-industrial indoor environments: report from a European multidisciplinary scientific consensus meeting (Eurovent). Indoor Air 12(2): 113-128 WHO, 2006.URL: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/boddaly/en/; Retrieved November 2006