1. Radiative B meson Decays at BaBar Colin Jessop University of Notre Dame

2. Motivations Window to new Physics Window to new Physics Help measure the unitarity triangle Help measure the unitarity triangle Test QCD technology Test QCD technology Radiative Penguin Decays

3. The Penguin Zoo Several different types of penguins (not including gluonic penguins) Electro-MagneticElectroweak Vertical ElectromagneticVertical electroweak I will focus today mostly on electromagnetic penguins. BaBar has results on all these processes

4. Sensitivity to New Physics b  t H+ S/ d SUSY + New Physics enters at same order (1-loop) as Standard Model Example: If SUSY exact B(b->s  ) = 0 Sensitive to many models – very extensive literature +..  t W+ b S/ d

5. Penguin Theory – A brief Overview B mesons are low energy decays at scale  = m b ~ 5 GeV Formulate a low energy effective theory : Generalization of Fermi Theory of  -decay.  b S/ d  t W+ b S/ d

6. Operator Product Expansion  b S/ d C i : Wilson Coefficients – contains short distance (high energy) perturbative component Q i : Local Operators – contains long distance (low energy) non-perturbative component  (renormalization) scale dependence cancels in C and Q

7. Wilson Coefficients  b S/ d C i i=1,2 current-current, i=3-6 gluonic penguins i=7-10 Electroweak Penguins C i calculated at  =M w and evolved down to  =m b. Effects of new high mass physics appear in C e.g constraints on C 7 and C 8 from B(B->X s  ) C7C7 C8C8

8. Matrix Elements  b S/ d are long distance (low-energy ) non-perturbative component If X is exclusive state e.g | K*  two possibilities 1.Lattice QCD  Lattice spacing >> compton wavelength of b -> Large errors 2.QCD sum rules: Relates resonances to vacuum structure of QCD Neither approach gives precise estimates – limits exclusive physics. Uncertainties cancel in ratios of modes or asymmetries.

9. Inclusive Matrix Elements  b S/ d If X is an inclusive state Leading term is short distance quark contribution and non- perturbative effects appears at 1/m b 2 –i.e (O(1%)) corrections 0 Inclusive measurements are much more sensitive to new physics

10. General Considerations Exclusive Exclusive Inclusive Inclusive Mode (#Events in~400fb-1) B->K* O(500) B-> O(50) B->Xs O(5000) BackgroundsSmallLargeLarge Theory Uncertainty Large30-50%Medium (in ratios) 15%Small7%

11. B factories: e+e-  Y(4S)  BB oB factories operate at the Y(4S) resonance (10.58 GeV) o hadronic cross-sections: udsc:bb = 3.4:1.1 nb oin the Y(4S) frame the B mesons are practically at rest  PEP-II is an asymmetric collider 9.0 GeV electrons vs 3.1 GeV positrons

12. PEP-II and BaBar at SLAC linac PEP-II storage ring BaBar SLD

13. Integrated luminosity on-resonance data off-resonance data Currently 10 BB event per second. since 2000 BaBar has recorded 430M BB events about 8% of data is taken below the Y(4S) resonance results presented here are based on 90 fb -1 - 340 fb -1 on-resonance data Shutdown due to accident

14. Other B meson experiments CLEO did much of the pioneering work. Stopped in 2001 BaBar forced to shut down for a year in 2004-2005 by DOE safety after accident Though BELLE has larger datasets BaBar remains competitive BaBar will stop running in 2008. Hope for 1000 fb-1 at that time.

15. The BaBar detector 9 GeV electrons 3 GeV positrons Electromagnetic Calorimeter 6580 CsI crystals e+ ID, π 0 and γ reco Cherenkov Detector (DIRC) 144 quartz bars K, π, p separation 1.5 T magnet Silicon Vertex Tracker 5 layers of double-sided silicon strips Instrumented Flux Return 19 layers of RPCs μ and K L ID Drift Chamber 40 layers, tracking + dE/dx

16. Radiative penguin decays of B mesons CLEO Observation of B  K*  BaBar B  K*  First observation of penguins by CLEO. Now it’s a background !

17. Radiative penguin portrait High energy photon in EMC Muon from other B decay Detached vertex from Ks → ππ π+ from K*+ B + → K* + γ (K* + ->K s π + ) candidate Note Event tends To be isotropic In center of mass frame

18. Continuum Backgrounds Production of u,d,s,c quark and  pairs underneath (4s) Lorentz boost makes a jet-like topology

19. Event Shape Variables cos  T * Construct “Shape” variables to distinguish between isotropy and jets Angle between thrust and photon Neural net combination of suite of topology variables effective with multicomponent background

20. Additional Continuum separation Variables  K* B B  Z vertex B’s have lifetime and decay weakly. uds decays promptly and strongly Net Flavor = 0 Net Flavor = (N(e+) – N(e-)) +(N(  +)-N(  -)) + (N(k+)-N(k-))

21. Signal Variables for Exclusive Reconstruction analyses Beam Constrained MassReconstructed Energy - beam Energy Sensitivity can be enhanced by performing two dimensional likelihood fits to signal and background.

22. A Colony of Penguins dd (V td ) sd  K*(892) K 1 (1270) K 2 (1430) … (V ts )

23. The CKM matrix e+e+ νeνe W+W+ g u d W+W+ g V ud leptons quarks 1 1 1 λ λ2λ2 λ λ3λ3 λ3λ3 λ2λ2 Standard model explanation of CP violation is a single phase in the CKM matrix V.

24. The unitarity triangle Photon spectrum in B->X s  helps reduce error on V ub Overconstraining the triangle may reveal new sources of CP violation. Photon spectrum in B->X s  helps reduce error on V bc

25. Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in Universe CP violation is an essential component of the presumed mechanism for generating this asymmetry But: The Standard model has insufficient CP violation to account for the observed asym. Presumably extra CP violation comes from new physics that couples to quarks or leptons

26. Measurement of b  d  Decays signal bkgnd signal + bkgnd BABAR, hep-ex/0607099, 347 M BB B++B++ B00B00 Mass projections from 4d fit 6.3 sigma observation

27. Comparison of b  d  Branching Fractions Mode BABAR (10 -6 ) (6.3  signif.) Belle (10 -6 ) (5.1 signif.) CKM fitter includes CDF B s mixing result. Error on CKM Fitter prediction includes uncert. on B  V  form-factor ratio.

28. Ali, Lunghi, Parkhomenko, PLB 595, 323 (2004) I-spin (), quark model (). Expect small I-spin violation:(1.1+/-3.9)%. Ball and Zwicky, JHEP 0604, 046 (2006) + W annihilation diagram (small) Observation of b  d  and Measurement of |V td /V ts |

29. Extracting |V td /V ts | from b  d  Decays Belle, PRL 96, 221601 (2006). BABAR, hep-ex/0607099 (preliminary) CDF, hep-ex/0606027 (preliminary) Consistent within errors. courtesy M. Bona (UTfit collab.) Theoretical uncertainties limiting both approaches.

30. Inclusive Penguins:  B->Xs  The non-perturbative corrections are a few percent. Quark-hadron duality Recently a new NNLO calculation for B(B->X s  ) has been completed (Misiak,Asatrian,Bieri,Czakon,Czarnecki,Ewerth,Ferroglia,Gambino Gorbahn,Greub,Haisch,Hovhannisyan,Hurth,Mitov,Poghosyan,Slusarczyh) Major undertaking involving thousands of diagrams. New precise Calculation has renewed interest in the field Compare to NLO:

31. Theory Errors on  B->Xs  At NLO the choice of charm quark renormalization scale had been a Problem. New calculation resolves this issue and errors are now understood NLO NNLO Scale dependence on  b  c (GeV) LO NLO NNLO Scale dependence on  c Theory errors from choice of Renormalization scales As go to higher orders this is reduced as expected.  b (GeV)

32. s  b  b Xs B B(b -> s  ) = B(B -> X s  ) Quark-Hadron duality Quarks Hadrons A fully inclusive measurement can be related directly to quark calculation

33. s  b  b Xs B Confinement Inclusive Photon Spectrum To be fully inclusive must measure all the photon spectrum

34.  b Xs B Inclusive Photon Spectrum FirstMoment: Second Moment:(Kinetic energy of b) 2 Information about motion of b-quark should be universal – i.e like a structure function and so can be applied to other inclusive processes

35. Experimental Challenge B -> X s  BB qq To reduce large backgrounds without cutting on  or Xs i.e a fully inclusive measurement Monte Carlo : Just require   Model Dependence Note additional BB background

36. Two Methods for inclusive B  X s  MethodAdvantagesDisadvantages Fully inclusive don’t reconstruct X s Closest correspondence to inclusive B(B  X s ). More Backgrounds Sum of exclusive B  K n(  Less background due to additional kinematic constraints. Better E  resolution. More model dependence due to finite set of explicitly reconstructed B  X s  decays.  Xs B Differ in treatment of Xs

37. Technique 1 – Semi-Inclusive Reconstructed Final States Reconstructed Final States K  (0) K  (0)  (0) K   KKK(    K  (0)  (0)  K  (0)  (0)  ~55% K = K ±, K s Missing Final States Missing Final States ~45% K L +... K000(0)K000(0)K000(0)K000(0) K+>4  (0) K+  (   )n  (0 ) KKK+nK+n  (0) Rare Decays K L +... BaryonsISR Exclusively Reconstruct as many of the final states of Xs as possible:  Xs B Fundamental problem is that composition of final states must be guessed - large systematic

38. Technique II “Fully Inclusive”: B -> X s   Xs B Xc B lepton (5% Efficiency for x1200 reduction in background) Suppress continuum background by requiring a “lepton tag” from recoiling B Remaining continuum subtracted with off-resonance data -> statistical uncertainty Multi-component BB background BB B->X s 

39. Fully Inclusive BB background Component % 64 17 8 4  &  ’ 3 Other4 B->X s  BB Each BB component measured independently in data. Precision of these measurements is dominant systematic.

40. BABAR Fully Inclusive B  X s  w/lepton tag Spectrum from best fit to kinetic scheme. Spectrum from best fit to shape function scheme. (extrapolated, kinetic scheme) (measured) (PRL Oct 23 2006)

41. Summary of B  Xs g Branching Fraction Measurements Theory is NNLO prediction (2006)

42. B(B-X s  ) constraints many models Error x 10 -4 B(B->X s ) x 10 -4 World Av3.55+-0.26 x 10 -4 Example: Two Higgs doublet model M H+ >300 GeV cf. direct search > 79.3 GeV

43. Future Precision of B(B->X s  ) Expect 5% precision from full dataset

44. Direct CP asymmetry is sensitive to non MFV SUSY Fully-Inclusive: Lepton charge tags flavor. Dilution from mixing. Asymmetry consistent with Standard Model and previous measurements

45. Hadron level Parton level Extracting V bc and V bu E l = lepton energy decay rate Use inclusive measurements of lepton spectra Motion of b quark is dominant theoretical Uncertainty Use B->X s  to significantly increase precision

46. Moments Fit predicted moments of inclusive processes b  c lv and b  s for various cuts on kinematic variables in HQE: Fit predicted moments of inclusive processes b  c lv and b  s for various cuts on kinematic variables in HQE: Calculations available in “kinetic” and “1S” renormalization schemes Calculations available in “kinetic” and “1S” renormalization schemes 47 measured moments used from DELPHI, CLEO, BABAR, BELLE, CDF (and, of course, the B lifetime) 47 measured moments used from DELPHI, CLEO, BABAR, BELLE, CDF (and, of course, the B lifetime) b-quark mass e or l energy cut c-quark mass Matrix elements appearing at order 1/m b 2 and 1/m b 3 Benson, Bigi, Gambino, Mannel, Uraltsev (several papers) Bauer, Ligeti, Luke, Manohar, Trott PRD 70:094017 (2004)

47. Results: Spectrum Moments vs E  Curves are theory prediction using measured b->Xclv moments most precise moments from BaBar fully inclusive Demonstrates assertion that b quark motion is universal

48. m b ( GeV ) μ π 2 ( GeV 2 ) combined kinetic scheme χ 2 / N dof = 19.3/44 Extraction of V bc,m b,   |V cb | determined to <2% |V cb | (10 -3 ) 41.96 ± 0.23 exp ± 0.35 HQE ± 0.59 ΓSL m b [kin] (GeV) 4.59 ± 0.025 exp ± 0.030 HQE  π 2 [kin] (GeV 2 ) 0.401 ± 0.019 exp ± 0.035 HQE [kin]/[1S] values agree after scheme translation Buchmüller and Flächer, PRD 73: 073008 (2006) m b to 1%; crucial for |V ub | b->s B->clv

49. Inclusive B->X u l Extracting V ub m b enters as m b 5 so 1% error in m b gives 2.5% error in V ub Other HQE parameters estimated from B->X s  enter into non-perturbative terms

50. |V ub | from B->Xl |V ub | from B->Xl World Average 4.49 ± 0.33 χ 2 /dof = 6.1/6Statistical±2.2% Expt. syst. ±2.8% B->X c l model ±1.9% B->X u l model ±1.6% Theory±5.9% Error dominated by theory (m b and HQE parameter estimation) 7.2% error down from 15% in 2003. 5% ultimately

51. Current status of Unitarity Triangle “2-σ” bands All constraints consistent with Standard model sin(2) measured to 4.7% V td /V ts measured to 3.7% V ub /V cb measured to 7.6%

52. Summary Large datasets have allowed us to catalog the rare penguin decays Penguins contributing to precision measurement of the triangle precision measurements of b->s strongly constrains new physics

53. Backup Slides

54.  Xs B qq ( fixed from MC) Non-peaking BB peaking BB (fixed from MC) Technique 1 – Semi-Inclusive Reconstruct in bins of M Xs and convert to E  Multicomponent fit to extract signal Dominant systematic is modelling missing final states

55. BABAR B  X s  with Sum of Exclusive Final States B A B AR, PRD 72, 052004 (2005) Energy Range Branching Fraction (10 -4 ) E  >1.9 GeV E  >1.6 GeV (extrapolated) averages over two shape-function schemes errors: stat, sys, variation of shape fcn params E  MomentsValue (GeV or GeV 2 ) E  (min) = 1.897 GeV K*(890)

56. Other Results on Fully inclusive B  X s  CLEO, PRL 87, 215807 (2001), 9.1 fb-1 Measure for E  >2.0; extrap. to E  >0.25 GeV Belle, PRL 87, 061803 (2004), 140 fb -1 Belle, hep-ex/0508005 Measure for E  >1.8 GeV; extrap. to full

57. Constraining SUSY MH+MH+ tan(  ) Excludes M H + < 300 GeV independent of coupling (4x range of direct searches)

58. m b and   from b->s  Fit to moments in kinetic scheme scheme to obtain   and m b Ellipse because of correlations between first and second moments “Kinetic Scheme” (Benson,Bigi and Uraltsev) Mass of b quark (GeV) Fermi -momentum Fit includes theory errors

59. Results: Moments (kinetic energy of b) 2 Theory is Bigi,Benson and Uraltsev (Nucl Phys B 710 371 2005) using BaBar measured B->X c l  moments PRL 93 011803 2004 Curves are theory prediction using measured b->Xclv moments

60. b->s  and V ub V ub is extracted from inclusive B->X u lv decays. Photon spectrum from b->s helps reduce the uncertainty in determination. e.g. BaBar result: PRL 96:221801 (2006) Fully reconstruct recoiling B and Study semileptonic decay Mx in B->X u lv |V ub |=(4.43 ±0.38(stat.) ±0.25(sys.) ±0.29(theory) x 10 -3