1. Coastal wetlands are coastal watersheds that drain to the ocean or to an estuary or bay.

2. Coastal Ocean Intertidal Zone Estuaries Muddy bottom and sandy bottom communities Salt marshes and seagrass beds Mangroves Coral reefs

3. Zonation is a vertical banding of the organisms living on the rocky coastline. These distinct bands occur in part from many complex physical and biological factors that effect marine organisms.

5. Tidal Zones on a Rocky Ocean Shore Splash Fringe Level High Tide Level Mid Tide Level Low Tide Level Low Fringe Level

6. Spray or Splash Zone High Tide Zone Middle Tide Zone Low Tide Zone Mostly shelled orgs Many soft bodied orgs and algae

8. opihi Mussels & starfish periwinkles ulva

11. Biotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone: Competition for space and food Predation Reproduction Substrate settlement preference Osmoregulation

12. Abiotic factors affecting organisms living in the intertidal zone: Salinity Temperature Air and light exposure Tidal flow Waves and current action Substrate Wind direction and strength Dissolved O2 Storms Natural Disasters

14. Estuaries are among the most productive marine ecosystems with high biomass of benthic algae, seagrass and phytoplankton

16. Wetlands in Hawaii At one time contained an estimated 59,000 acres of wetlands Over the last 200 years Hawaii has lost approximately 12 % of its original wetland acres. The exact effect of the loss or degradation of Hawaii's wetlands on local fisheries is unclear. It is estimated that only 1% of the Pacific island recreational and commercial species are estuarine- dependent. Economically important estuarine fish: mullet, milkfish, shrimp, and the nehu, a tropical anchovy used as live bait in the pole-and-line skipjack tuna fishery.

17. Oahu Watershed

18. Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Wetlands

19. Seaweeds limu

20. Hooks and Lures

21. Octopus Lure

22. Fishing Shrines ko‘a

23. Hawaiian Fish Ponds loko i‘a

24. Ahupua’a 1.Upland 2.Plains 3.Ocean Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area

25. The Ahupua‘a

26. Estuaries Estuaries are partially enclosed coastal bodies of water Examples of estuaries include: –River mouths –Bays –Inlets –Gulfs –Sounds Formed by a rise in sea level after the last Ice Age

27. Classifying estuaries by origin Coastal plain Fjord Bar-built Tectonic

28. Examples of estuaries Pu‘uloa

29. Examples of estuaries Fjord estuary (Norway) Tectonic estuary (San Francisco, CA)

30. Classifying estuaries by water mixing Salt wedgeHighly stratified Slightly stratifiedVertically mixed

31. Coastal wetlands Coastal wetlands are saturated areas that border coastal environments Brackish water conditions Two most important types of coastal wetlands: 1.Salt marshes (mid-latitudes) 2.Mangrove swamps (low latitudes)

32. Coastal wetlands: Salt marshes and mangrove swamps

33. Infauna: live within the sediment, mostly soft bottom; mostly clams and worms (polychaetes) burrow tubes for food scavenging and oxygen supply Primary producers: algae, mostly benthic diatoms and dinoflagellates cyanobacteria mats on mudflats mud more productive than sand macro- and meiobenthos, often detrivores, living of deposits from seagrasses and marshes birds important grazers

35. Ecological Role: clean sediments aerate soil 32,000 polychaetes in sand/m2 vs 50-500 earth worms in soil/m2

36. Found from the Arctic to Southern Australia Salt marshes grow in muds and sands that are sheltered by barrier islands. Flood and ebb currents transport saltwater, nutrients, plankton and sediments in and out of the marsh.

39. Pacific Golden Plover Hawaiian Stilt Hawaiian Coot Hawaiian Duck Black crowned night heron Northern Pintail Duck Sanderling Wanderling tattler Rudy Turnstone

40. TilapiaMilkfish Mullet

41. Opae ula Anchialine ponds

42. mangrove aki'aki akulikuli bullrush

44. Waikiki & Diamond Head 1934

45. The value of coastal wetlands Highly productive food factory Serves as fish nurseries Acts as a giant sponge: –The salt marsh absorbs large volumes of water, thus minimizing the impacts of flooding and erosion and recharging groundwater. Filters polluted runoff from land –absorbing toxins and in some cases metabolizing them into harmless substances Problem: –wetlands viewed as worthless land

46. Of the original 215 million acres of wetlands in the U.S. (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), about 106 million acres remain. distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1780s distribution of wetlands in the U.S. in the 1900s

47. Current distribution of wetlands and deepwater habitats

48. Drainage Dredging and stream channelization Deposition of fill material Diking and damming Tilling for crop production Levees Logging Mining Construction Runoff Air and water pollutants Changing nutrient levels Releasing toxic chemicals Introducing non-native species to the ecosystem Grazing by domestic animals Major Causes of Wetlands Loss and Degradation Human Actions

49. Natural Threats Erosion Subsidence Sea level rise Droughts Hurricanes and other storms

51. Mangrove Distribution There are approximately 40 species of mangroves distributed worldwide

52. Prop roots: help support the tree Pneumatophores: respiratory function– take in O 2 push nutrients to the upper soil layer

53. Ecological Role of Mangroves: Stabilize sediment Accumulate detrital or other foreign material Habitat for epiphytes Fish and invertebrate nursery Nesting/roosting sites for birds Limited role as a direct food source Major contributor to detrital food chain Protect shoreline from erosion during tropical storms

54. fish and shrimp cultivation food for people firewood and boat building material tanning material finest honey Mangrove Use: Shrimp farm surrounded by degraded mangroves, Vietnam

55. Seagrass beds 57 species worldwide

56. Classification Five kingdom system: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Angiosperms Gymnosperms

57. Distribution: 12 genera of seagrasses (5 in the high latitude and 7 in the low latitude) True marine angiosperm Evolved from shoreline Lillie-like plants~100 mya Vascular plants reinvaded the seas 3 different times (algae is nonvascular; i.e., no need for roots to transport water and nutrients) Can grow and reproduce while completely submerged under water

58. Halophila hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

59. Develop in: intertidal and shallow subtidal areas on sands and muds marine inlets and bays lagoons and channels, which are sheltered from significant wave action

60. 1.Help stabilize the sediment 2.Prevents resuspension of sediments in water (water is clearer) 3.Binds substratum, reduces turbidity, and reduces erosion 4.Sediment accumulation slows velocity of incoming water 5.Food for many organisms 6.Refuge for many organisms

61. Seagrass productivity is highly dependent on a number of factors: salinity water temperature turbidity This ecosystem is particularly sensitive to degradation due to: agricultural pollution-run-off of herbicides industrial pollution domestic pollution Threats to Seagrass Beds

62. Coral Reef Communities

63. Hermatypic corals: possess zooxanthellae are reef builders Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32 o C Low nutrients Low productivity in water Ahermatypic corals: no zooxanthellae rely on tentacular feeding can live in aphotic zone

64. Cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) 6 m 0 m 25 m 13 m Lobe coral (Porites lobata) Finger coral (Porites compressa) Plate coral (Porites rus) High light levels Moderate wave energy Moderate light levels Occasional storm wave energy Low light levels Low wave energy Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy

65. Inquiry 1.What are some biotic and abiotic factors effecting animals and plants living on the coast? 2.A mangrove is a _____________. 3.Mangroves are primarily found in _____ latitude. 4.Where do estuaries form? 5.What is a Ahupua’a? 6.Why are mangroves, estuaries, salt marshes so productive?