1. General Geology 89.101 Professor Lori Weeden 978-934-3344 lori_weeden@uml.edu Office: Olney 402b Text: Wicander, R & Monroe, JS (2010) GEOL 1st ed. Brooks Cole

2. Introduction and what to expect….. http://faculty.uml.edu/lweeden

3. Chapter 1 Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet

4. Large Granite Batholiths of Yosemite Valley

5. LO1:Define geology LO2:Understand the impact the formulation of theories has had on the study of geology LO3:Explain how geology relates to the human experience LO4:Explain how geology affects our everyday lives Learning Objectives

6. LO5:Describe global geologic and environmental issues facing humankind LO6:Describe the origin of the universe and solar system, and Earth’s place in them LO7:Explain why Earth is a dynamic and evolving planet LO8:Describe the rock cycle Learning Objectives, cont.

7. LO9:Understand organic evolution and its role in the history of life LO10:Describe geologic time and uniformitarianism LO11:Explain how the study of geology benefits us Learning Objectives, cont.

8. Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Mantle Core Earth as a System

9. Organisms break down rock into soil. People alter the landscape. Plate movement affects evolution and distribution of Earth’s biota. Plate movement affects size, shape, and distribution of ocean basins. Running water and glaciers erode rock and sculpt landscapes. HydrosphereBiosphere Fig. 1-1, p. 4 Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation transfer water between atmosphere and hydrosphere, influencing weather and climate and distribution of water. Plant, animal, and human activity affect composition of atmospheric gases. Atmospheric temperature and precipitation help to determine distribution of Earth’s biota. Atmosphere Atmospheric gases and precipitation contribute to weathering of rocks. Plants absorb and transpire water. Water is used by people for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses. Water helps determine abundance, diversity, and distribution of organisms. Heat reflected from land surface affects temperature of atmosphere. Distribution of mountains affects weather patterns. Convection cells within mantle contribute to movement of plates (lithosphere) and recycling of lithospheric material. Core Supplies heat for convection in mantle Mantle Plate Stepped Art

10. Study of Earth Study of planets and moons Physical geology –Minerals –Rocks –Physical processes Geology Definition

11. Historical geology –Origin of Earth –Evolution of Earth Resource geology Environmental geology Geology Definition, cont.

12. Geologic engineers Predictions –Earthquakes –Volcanoes –Mass movements Geology Definition, cont.

13. Definition: coherent explanation of natural phenomena supported by large body of objective evidence Scientific method –Gather and analyze facts and data Hypotheses: tentative explanations that explain observed phenomena Theory

14. Importance of testing Theory: a hypothesis that survives repeated testing Plate tectonics as theory Evolution as theory Theory, cont.

15. Art Music Literature Empires: rise and fall based on geography and availability of natural resources Geology and the Human Experience

17. Azurite? Limonite? Hematite? Malachite?

18. Electricity generation Minerals Concrete Windows Building materials Metals and alloys Plastics Road materials Geology and Daily Life

19. 629 kg Copper 9203 kg Clays 774,000 kg Stone, sand, and gravel 311,034 l Petroleum 348 kg Zinc 14,359 kg Salt 410 kg Lead >30,615 kg Other minerals and metals 159,880 m 3 Natural gas 14,694 kg Iron ore 33,771 kg Cement 2438 kg Bauxite (Aluminum) 260,530 kg Coal 8301 kg Phosphate rock 44 g Gold

20. So, how does the Gulf Oil Spill compare to daily US consumption of crude oil? As of June 22 nd, the amount of oil spilled accounts for only 2 hours worth of US crude oil consumption.

21. Topography affects wars Topographic features as natural boundaries Resource distribution affects fortunes of countries Economic and Political Power

22. 6.7 billion in 2007 7.7 billion in two decades Increased resource demand Increased risk from geological hazards Issues: Overpopulation

24. Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide increasing in atmosphere Greenhouse effect: gases trap heat and make Earth habitable Greenhouse gases: –Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor –very effective at trapping heat –have increased over last two centuries Issues: Global Warming

25. Temperature increases Rainfall patterns shift Sea level rise Uncertainty about consequences Issues: Global Warming, cont.

26. Fig. 1-5, p. 9 Stepped Art a) Short-wavelength radiation from the Sun that is not reflected back into space penetrates the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface. b) Earth’s surface radiates heat in the form of long–wavelength radiation back into the atmosphere, where some of it escapes into space. The rest is absorbed by greenhouse gases and water vapor and reradiated back toward Earth. c) Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases trap more heat near Earth’s surface, causing a general increase in surface and atmospheric temperatures, which leads to global warming. It’s really not that complicated…

27. Universe has no edge and no center Big Bang and origin of the universe: –14 billion years ago –Initially hot and dense –Now expanding and cooling Hubble and receding galaxies Cosmic background radiation: afterglow of Big Bang Origin of the Universe

29. 8 planets 1 dwarf planet (planetoid)…poor Pluto…. 101 moons asteroids comets Solar System

31. Solar nebula theory: condensation and collapse of interstellar material Planetesimals: smaller bodies that eventually collided and coalesced to form planets Terrestrial planets: Earthlike, smaller, rocky, inner solar system Solar System Origin

32. Jovian planets: small rocky cores, mostly gas, outer solar system Sun formation: material condensed in center and became dense and hot Asteroids formed between Mars and Jupiter Comets formed near Uranus and Neptune Solar System Origin, cont.

36. Began 4.6 billion years ago Initially cool and uniform Heated by impacts, gravity, radioactivity Differentiation of layers Earth’s Evolution

38. Based on differences in: –density –composition –temperature –pressure Earth’s Layers

39. Inner core: solid Outer core: liquid Mantle –Lower mantle: solid –Asthenosphere: plastic flow –Upper mantle: solid Earth’s Layers, cont.

40. Lithosphere –Upper mantle –Oceanic crust –Continental crust –Tectonic plates Earth’s Layers, cont.

42. Unifying theory in geology Rigid lithospheric plates that move Movement caused by thermal convection cells in mantle Plate Tectonic Theory

43. Along/near plate boundaries: –Separation –Convergence –Slide sideways –Earthquakes –Volcanoes Plate Tectonic Theory, cont.

44. Fig. 1-12, p. 15 Convection cell Inner core Mantle Outer core Upwelling Hot Cold Continental lithosphere Trench Mid-oceanic ridge Ocean Subduction Oceanic lithosphere Stepped Art

46. Rock: aggregate of minerals Minerals: composed of elements Rock cycle: interrelationships between Earth’s internal and external processes, and the 3 major rock groups Driven in part by plate tectonics Rock Cycle

48. Crystallization of cooling magma or lava Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground from magma: granite Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly at the surface from lava: basalt Igneous Rocks

51. Consolidation of mineral or rock fragments: conglomerate Precipitation of minerals from solution: limestone Compaction of plant or animal remains: coal Sedimentary Rocks

54. Alteration of other rocks Heat Pressure Chemically active fluids Foliated: parallel alignment of minerals - - gneiss Nonfoliated: no obvious mineral alignment -- quartzite Metamorphic Rocks

58. All organisms related Darwin On the Origin of Species 1859 Natural selection: best adapted organisms will pass on genetic traits to offspring Fossil record supports theory of evolution Plate tectonics shaped course of evolution Organic Evolution

59. Geologic time scale –Helps understanding of Earth’s evolution and the evolution of life Principle of uniformitarianism –Natural processes have always operated in the same way Geologic Time

60. Geologic Time Scale