1. PRIMARY SECTOR
UNIT TWO

2. . 4. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS CAP.
1. FARMING.
1.1. Physical factors: climate, relief, soil.
1.2. Social and economic factors: labour, market, government.
2. CLASSIFICATION.
Arable, pastoral, mixed.
Intensive, extensive.
Commercial, subsistence.
Nomadic, sedentary.
3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN THE WORLD.
3.1. Shifting cultivation.
3.2. Wet rice farming.
3.3. Intensive commercial farming: market gardening.
3.4. Extensive commercial farming.
3.5. Plantation agriculture.
. 4. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS CAP.

3. 1. Farming Farming is the growing of crops and the rearing of animals

4. 1.1.Physical factors: climate
Temperature: crops need a minimum of 6°C to grow. (Look over climates in the world)
Rainfall: crops need between 250 mm and 500 mm a year.

5. Climatic regions in the world

6. Physical factors: relief
Flat land is easier to grow crops on, there is less soil erosion and machinery can be used safely.
Some places are too high to grow crops because they are too cold. Temperature decreases 6°C each 1000 m.
Only south facing slopes are warmer because they face the sun

7. Physical factors: soil
Soil needs to be fertile, deep and well drained.

8. 1.2. Social and economic factors: labour
Farming requires either
Human labour (low yields) or
Mechanisation (high yields)

9. Social and economic factors: market
Farmers grow crops that are in demand and change to meet new demands.
Markets are now global.

10. Social and economic factors: governments
Quotas are limits on the amount of some produce set by the governments.
Subsidies are money paid by the government to encourage some types of produce.

11. 2. Classification of agriculture
Pastoral
Arable
Mixed

12. Classification of agriculture
Intensive: high yields from a small area of land. It needs high input of money, labour or technology.
Extensive: low yields from a large area of land.

13. Classification of agriculture
Pastoral farming can also be intensive or extensive

14. Classification of agriculture
Commercial: farming to make profit from sales of food.
Subsistence: it produces food for the farmer’s family

15. Classification of agriculture
Nomadic: moving from place to place
Sedentary: farming in a fixed location

16. 3.Agricultural activity in the world: shifting cultivation
It occurs in equatorial forests in South-East Asia, Central and South America and Africa
It is extensive: when soil loses its fertility the land is abandoned.

17. 3.1. Shifting cultivation They use manual labour and simple tools.
The farmers grow crops from themselves and their families (subsistence).
The main crops are rice, maize, tapioca, sweet potatoes, bananas and vegetables.

18. Agricultural activity in the world: wet rice farming

19. 3.2.Wet rice farming
It occurs in many Asian countries (tropical and monsoon climate)
It requires 1000 mm to 2500 mm of rainfall a year and an average temperature of 20°C.
It is intensive: irrigation allows 2 or 3 crops per year in very small farms.
The level of technology varies (low in India or China, high in Japan or Taiwan). Planting and transplanting are usually done by hand.

20. 3.3. Intensive commercial farming: market gardening
It produces the vegetables, fruit and flowers that are found in supermarkets.
It uses limited land and it is often near urban markets.
Although they are perishable products, refrigeration and faster transport allow more distant markets to be served.

21. 3.3.Market gardening
Market gardens have high inputs, especially labour, and high yields (intensive).
A wide range of technology is available, from hand hoes to computer-controlled robots.
Farmers usually specialise in a few crops, e.g. salads or flowers.
Some vegetables are grown into greenhouses or using hydroponics (plants grow without soil)

22. 3.4. Extensive commercial farming
It occurs in “new countries”, e.g. US, Australia or Argentina, especially in continental climate.
Farms are large and highly mechanised.

23. 3.3. Extensive commercial farming
It can be arable, e.g. crops of wheat, maize, barley...
It can be also pastoral, e.g. cows and sheep
Farms are very big, more than 200 Ha.

24. 3.5. Plantation agriculture
It takes place in large farms or estates (40 to 1000 Ha) existing in South East Asia and the Caribbean.
Crops are grown for export
It needs a lot of money for building, planting and making processing factories.

25. 3.5. Plantation agriculture
They employ many workers and use high levels of technology.
They produce coffee, cocoa, sugar or trees like tea, rubber and oil palm.

26. 4. The European Union and its Common Agricultural Police (CAP)
The CAP tries:
to protect the income of farmers.
to ensure reasonable prices for consumers.
to increase the production.
to protect the quality of life in rural areas.
The CAP consists of.
grants.
subsidies.
guaranteed prices.

27. 4. The European Union and its Common Agricultural Police (CAP)
The main problems are:
it has created mountains of food and lakes of wine, more expensive than in the USA. It was necessary to create quotas (e.g. milk).
environmental damages (soil erosion, excesive use of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides to increase production).
Recently the EU has been paying farmers to take part of their land out of production.