1. Module 4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD Engineering Tripos Part IIB You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at : http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh David Holburn dmh@eng.cam.ac.uk David Moore dfm1@eng.cam.ac.uk

2. l 12 lectures in LR6:-  Friday at 12, Tuesday at 10 l Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture)  gaps to be filled in  places where you need to add your own notes l Two examples sheets:-  MOS circuits  Microelectronics technology l Various other notes and leaflets l Exam - start of Easter term l Coursework - later this term l Material on the WWW 4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD

3. Coursework l Electrical characterisation of CMOS ring oscillator circuit l Takes place in EIETL/Part I Lab, Weeks 7-8

4. Coursework l SEM examination of CMOS ring oscillator circuit l Takes place in Electrical Research Lab, Weeks 7-8

5. Course Activities Visits to IC manufacturers l EEV (Chelmsford) – Charge-coupled imaging devices l Fujitsu (Durham)- Memory/Microprocessor manufacture

6. Case Study – Voltage Reference Mixed-signal VLSI design l Commodity CMOS process l Digital/analogue compatibility l Design offers:  Good regulation  Good thermal stability  Small footprint

7. Case Study - Flash Memory Case study illustrating advanced VLSI design & manufacture l Intel® StrataFlash™ offers:  non-volatility,  reliability, and  smaller form factor. l MultiLevel Cell (MLC) technology stores multiple bits of data on a single memory transistor. l Allows increased densities and decreased cost-per-megabyte l Uses 0.18  m technology

8. Guest Lecture l James Collier from Cambridge Silicon Radio is expected to give a talk an the evolution of their world-beating Bluetooth CMOS chip set … details later...

9. Evolution of the Microprocessor Paper D7: VLSI Design, Technology & CAD Engineering Tripos Part IIB/EIST Part II You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at : http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh

10. The First Transistor New York Times “ A device called a transistor, which has several applications in radio where a vacuum tube ordinarily is employed, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 West Street, where it was invented.” 23rd December 1947 http://www.lucent.com/ideas2/ideas.htmlhttp://www.bell-labs.com

11. The First Integrated Circuit 1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical engineer at Texas Instruments, figured out how to put all the circuit elements - transistors, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting wiring - into a single piece of germanium. His rough prototype was a thin piece of germanium about one-half inch long containing five separate components linked together by tiny wires.

12. The Microprocessor 4004: Intel’s first microprocessor The speed of this 1971 device was estimated at 0.06 MIPS (million instructions/s). By comparison, in 2000 Intel's Pentium ran at 133 MHz, contained 5.5 million transistors, & could execute 300 MIPS. Complexity & speed have risen steadily since then! The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz & contained 2300 transistors.

13. Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC 1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the IBM PC. This was followed in 1982 by the 80286, on which was based the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) computer.

14. Intel 80386 and 80486 The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained 275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was capable of ‘multi-tasking’. The ‘486 (1989, shown) was significantly more powerful, and was the first to offer a built-in math. co-processor, greatly speeding up transcendental functions.

15. Intel Pentium The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 - it was designed to allow computers to handle “real-world” data such as speech, sound and images. The latest Pentium II (1997) contained 7.5 million transistors, and is packaged in a unique format.

16. Scaling - Intel Pentium Origin design used MOSFETs with L=0.8  m  Speed limited to f clk = 66 MHz Shrink minimum dimension to 0.6  m  Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput  Lower power consumption  Latest P4 uses L=0.09  m  f clk =3800MHz (internal)! Relative sizes

17. Moore’s Law l The Intel view of Gordon Moore’s observation. The billion-transistor chip is imminent! http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm

18. Moore’s Law 1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation 2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation Complexity 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 8080 Pentium ® 80486 80286 Pentium ® Pentium ® Pro $5000 $2000 $500 $200 Cost in $M cost complexity

19. Silicon Technology Intel386™ DX Processor1.5µ 1.0µ 1.0µ 0.8µ 0.8µ 0.6µ 0.6µ 0.4µ 0.4µ 0.25µ 0.25µ Silicon Process Technology Intel486™ DX Processor Pentium ® Processor Pentium ® II Processor

20. Wafers - 4" to 300 mm

21. Web resource http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/4b7

22. VLSI Design Microcircuit Engineering & Semiconductor Physics You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at : http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh David Holburn dmh@eng.cam.ac.uk

23. l 5 lectures in LR10 starting Thursday 12th October 2000:-  Lectures 1, 3 and 5: Thursdays at 11, LR10  Lectures 2 and 4:Mondays at 11, LR10  Practical sessionTBA l Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture)  places where you need to add your own notes l Video: From Sand to Silicon  planned for later in the term l Examples sheet and various other notes and leaflets l Material on the WWW M.E.S.P. VLSI Design

24. Spice Simulator