1. CS 106 Introduction to Computer Science I 03 / 24 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann

2. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2008 Today’s Topics Comments and/or Questions? Object oriented programming –more examples public vs. private constructors set/get methods static

3. public / private members Instance variables and methods of a class are called members of the class. members can be specified as public or private (or protected --- which we’ll discuss later.)‏ private members of a class are accessible only to methods within the class. public members of a class are accessible within that class as well as in other classes that contain a reference to an object of that class (via the dot operator).

4. public / private members So, in our example, setTime is a public method of class Time, and therefore is accessible through time_object by use of the dot operator: time_object.setTime ( 12, 15, 0 ); However, all the instance variables of Time are declared as private. So, these are not accessible through time_object. These private instance variables named, hour, minute and second, are only accessible within methods of Time.

5. public / private members These private instance variables named, hour, minute and second, are only accessible within methods of Time. Because they are private, we cannot write code like: Time start_time = new Time(); start_time.hour = 12; start_time.minute = 100; start_time.second = 10; That's good because we shouldn't be able to set the minute to be 100 (it's valid range is 0-59). But then how would we change the hour or minute or second?

6. public / private members That's good because we shouldn't be able to set the minute to be 100 (it's valid range is 0-59). But then how would we change the hour, minute and second? This way: start_time.setTime(12, 100, 10); The above code will be allowed to be called but when setTime sees that minute is trying to be set to 100 which is not within the valid range it will set start_time's minute to be 0. An example call with a valid time (the time CS106 starts): start_time.setTime(10, 10, 0);

7. overloaded constructors When we create a class, we usually provide constructors that we want to have called when objects of our class are instantiated. We can provide many different constructors, each taking different parameters. When we do this, we are said to be overloading the constructor because we are providing different methods of the same name (but different parameters.)‏ Java calls the correct constructor, based on the number of and type of the arguments passed in to the method call.

8. set and get methods When instance variables of a class are declared as private, we sometimes want other classes to have access to their values and be able to change them in a controlled way. To this end, we usually provide what are called set and get methods for this purpose. A set method usually takes in a value as a parameter and checks it for validity. If it is a valid value, then the appropriate instance variable is set (has its value changed to the one passed in.)‏ We usually create a get method for each instance variable of which some other class might want to know the value. get methods are sometimes called accessor methods and set methods are sometimes called mutator methods

9. set and get methods We can update the class definition of Time to contain set and get methods. public void setHour( int h ) { if (( h >= 0 && h < 24 ))‏ hour = h; else hour = 0; } public int getHour( )‏ { return hour; }

10. set and get methods so, we would then be able to call these methods in a program like: Time t1 = new Time(); Time t2 = new Time(); t1.setHour( 11 ); t2.setHour( 45 ); // what will happen here? int hour_value; hour_value = t1.getHour( ); hour_value = t2.getHour( ); If hour were a public (instead of private) instance variable of class Time2 then we would be able to: t2.hour = 45; // bad idea...

11. example Let’s add code (set and get methods) to the Time class and also create a class with a main method that will instantiate objects of type Time.

12. static variables A static class variable means there is only one copy of the variable, regardless of the number of objects instantiated. one use of static class variables is to keep a count of how many objects of the class have been instantiated. This can be done by incrementing a static variable in the constructor.

13. Static variables Static variables represent classwide information. Instance variables represent object specific information. What does that mean?

14. Static variables Static variables represent classwide information. Instance variables represent object specific information. What does that mean? – Example: class BankCheck to represent a check in a checkbook. amount date lastCheckNumberUsed – Let's look at example objects of type BankCheck

15. Static variables Static variables represent classwide information. Instance variables represent object specific information. What does that mean? – Example: a class to represent a CompactDisc Artist Title TotalTime – Let's look at example objects of type CompactDisc

16. Static variables Because static variables represent classwide information, we don't need any objects to be instantiated if we want to use them. Instead, we use the class name and dot operator to access any public static members (variables or methods.)‏

17. static variables static variables are accessible in other classes if the static variables are declared public. They are accessible by using the class name followed by the dot operator and then the static variable name. e.g. if there was a public static variable named time_object_count in the Time class, we could access it in another class by referring to: Time.time_object_count If it was declared as private, then we would need to have a public static method in Time to provide “read” access to it. e.g. a method like: public static int getCount( )‏ { return time_object_count; }

18. static methods we could call this method in the following way: int current_count; current_count = Time.getCount( ); Notice that we used the class name (not an object name) before the dot operator to reference the static members of a class. We have seen this before, such as when we called a static method of class Integer: Integer.parseInt( some_str )‏ Note however that if we have instantiated objects of class Time, we would be able to access the static members either by the class name or the object name.

19. static methods so, assuming t1 is an object of type Time, after it is instantiated, we would be able to call a static method getCount( ) either by: Time.getCount( )‏ or t1.getCount( )‏ It is best (for readability purposes) however to use the class name way. That is, Time.getCount( ) is preferred because someone reading your code will know that getCount ( ) is a static method of class Time, which may be valuable in understanding the code.

20. static methods The methods in class Math that we’ve used are static methods. Recall that we don’t create an object of type Math. Instead, we call the methods in Math with the class name (Math) followed by the dot operator, followed by the method name. This is how static methods are called (with the class name, not an object name.)‏

21. Concepts recap Public vs. private instance variables Public vs. private methods Static vs. instance variables Static vs. non-static methods

22. Exercise Let's create a brand new class using all these concepts. Let's create a class to represent a Movie – Let's assume we want to store for each movie: Title Director Running time Year of release – Let's also assume we want to store a count of all the movies we have instantiated Let's also then create a program for inventory of a video/dvd rental store.