1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Reading quiz (list your answers and correct answers from exam first) List the 3 components of the cell theory You have a cube with length of 1 cm. Explain how to find the volume and the total surface area of the cube. Find each of the values (remember your units).

3. Cell theory All living things are composed of cell Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells

4. What do cells do? Carry out the processes of life: reproduction (only some cells), convert chemical compounds to usable energy, respond to the environment, grow and develop, maintain a stable internal environment, change The cell works together to carry out these functions Cells are specialized Cells are compartmented  Nucleus vs. Organelle vs. cytoplasm

5. What kinds of cells are there? Prokaryotic (lack true nucleus) Unicellular Eukaryotic (true nucleus) Unicellular or multicellular Animal Plant

6. Chromosome structure

7. Limits to cell growth 1) Not enough copies of DNA to serve large cell 2) Rate of nutrient exchange would decrease Surface area to volume ratio Surface area Volume SA:V

8. OrganelleFunctionPlant or animal cell 1.NucleusStores DNABoth 2. RibosomeProtein synthesisBoth 3. MitochondriaConverts sugar to usable energyBoth 4. ChloroplastConverts light to sugarPlant 5. LysosomeDigests materialsBoth 6. VacuoleStores materials (mostly water)Both 7. Golgi apparatusModifies proteinsBoth 8. Endoplasmic reticulm Transports materials, lipid synthesis Both 9. Cell membraneRegulates what goes in and out of the cell Both 10. Cell wallBarrier, keeps shapeplant

9. Sample process Cells often need to make proteins (for example insulin) to transport somewhere else in the body 1. DNA in nucleus gives instruction for making the protein insulin 2. Protein is made at Ribosomes attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Protein is modified in the golgi apparatus 4. Protein moves in a vesicle and is released outside the cell

10. Reading quiz 1. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? 2. Cancer is essentially a disorder of what cell process? 3. What is the function of spindles? 4. In mitosis the ____ is divided in half while in cytokinesis the ____ is divided in half 5. Explain how to identify a cell in metaphase

11. Reading quiz 1. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? DNA is replicated 2. Cancer is essentially a disorder of what cell process? Cell division or mitosis 3. What is the function of spindles? Attach to or move chromosomes 4. In mitosis the genetic material is divided in half while in cytokinesis the cytoplasm is divided in half 5. Explain how to identify a cell in metaphase chromosomes are lined up along the equator

12. Cell cycle What is everything that happens during a cell cycle? Do all cells divide at the same rate? What controls when a cell divides? What happens when a cell stops responding to these controls?

13. Cell cycle control G1 checkpoint  S, G2, M No G1 checkpoint  G0

14. Cancer growth

15. Mitosis and cytokinesis Interphase: Cell grows and replicates its DNA Prophase: Chromatin condenses, centrioles separate, spindle forms Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at center

16. Mitosis and cytokinesis Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate Telophase: Chromosomes gather at either end Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm separated, daughter cells have identical set of chromosomes