1. Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

2. National Energy Technology Lab “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil Fuel Energy Technology” Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to economically power our Nation’s homes, industries, businesses, and transportation … While protecting our environment and enhancing our energy independence. NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil technologies, contract and project management, analysis of energy systems, and international energy issues. http://www.netl.doe.gov

3. Types of Fossil Fuels Petroleum (oil) Natural Gas Coal Oil Shale Tar Sands

4. Petroleum http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

5. Drilling for Oil http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm

6. Coal http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

7. Coal Mining Underground MineOpen Pit Mine http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/ http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs004-02/

8. Sulfur in Coal http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct2.html

9. Natural Gas http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp www.citypublicservice.com

10. Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/gas_well.jpghttp://www.call-adc.com/justiss/rig54pic.htmhttp://www.dom.com/about/gas-transmission/imp/ngp.jsp

11. US Natural Gas Pipeline Network http://services.unitil.com/fge/bus_natural_gas_equipment.asp

12. North American Natural Gas Flows http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/es/erb/prb/english/View.asp?x=447&oid=603

13. Tar Sands http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htmhttp://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

14. Oil Shale http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

15. Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution  Create carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) when burned Implicated in global warming  Nitrous oxides (NO x ) – smog  Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – acid rain  Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

16. Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant CategoryPower Plant100W Light Bulb Power500 MW100 W Energy / year3.5 billion kWh876 kWh Coal / year1.43 million tons714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year10,000 Tons5 pounds Nitrogen Oxides / year10,200 Tons5.1 pounds Carbon Dioxide / year3,700,000 Tons1,852 pounds

17. http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/policy/coal/images/81.gif Need for Clean Coal

18. CO 2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

19. CO 2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

20. Improving Power Plant Efficiency

21. Basic Idea of a Power Plant Spinning turbine blades and generator Boiling water Steam

22. Conventional Coal Power Plant http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=108

23. Modern Coal PP Waste Disposal http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/NewFiles/feaz277.jpg

24. Fluidized Bed http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct4.html

25. Fluidized Bed Combustion Detail http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

26. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycle

27. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

28. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

29. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle (PFBC) http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

30. Supercritical & Ultrasupercritical

31. Increasing Efficiency with Coal http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=24

32. Carbon Capture and Sequestration http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/research.htm

33. CO 2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

34. Carbon Capture & Storage Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide  Removed from the exhaust gases of the power station  Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere thus reducing global warming. Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective Required technologies are already proven Similar technologies used commercially in food and chemicals industry http://www.worldcoal.org

35. Goals of Carbon Sequestration Effective and cost-competitive Stable, long term storage Environmentally benign http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

36. Carbon Capture Absorption (chemical and physical) Adsorption (physical and chemical) Low-temperature distillation Gas separation membranes Mineralization and biomineralization http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

37. Carbon Sequestration Options http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

38. Types of Carbon Sequestration Geologic Sequestration Ocean Sequestration Terrestrial Sequestration Novel Sequestration Concepts http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

39. Geologic Sequestration Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock are ideal for CO2 storage Oil and gas reservoirs  Inject CO 2 to improve recovery Coal bed methane  Inject CO 2 into coal seams to extract methane Inject into deep saline (salt) formations  No direct economic benefit http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

40. Geologic Sequestration http://www.midcarb.org/Graphics/CO2flooding.gif

41. Ocean Sequestration Ice-like CO 2 /H 2 O (water) hydrates  Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and high pressures Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90% of CO 2 in atmosphere  Eventually transferred to deep ocean  Too slow to prevent CO 2 spike in next 100s years Research investigating direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

42. Ocean Sequestration http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

43. Terrestrial Sequestration Forest lands.  Below-ground carbon and long-term management and utilization of standing stocks, understory, ground cover, and litter. Agricultural lands.  Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands  Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon. Biomass croplands  Increase soil carbon and value-added organic products  Complement to ongoing efforts related to biofuels,the Deserts and degraded lands  Restoration of degraded lands significant benefits and carbon sequestration potential in both below-and above-ground systems. Boreal wetlands and peatlands  Soil carbon pools  Limited conversion to forest or grassland where ecologically acceptable. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/storage.html

44. Terrestrial Sequestration Click image for video clip http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaResources/Carbon/global_biosphere.mpeg

45. Novel CS Concepts Biological systems; Advanced catalysts for CO 2 or CO conversion; Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin films for gas separation; Engineered photosynthesis systems; Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation (methanogenesis and acetogenesis); Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to enhance CO 2 sequestering potential; Advanced decarbonization systems; and Biomimetic systems. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

46. Carbon Sequestration http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

47. Federal Initiatives

48. DOE Vision 21 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

49. DOE Vision 21 By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that boost power efficiencies to 60+ percent, emit virtually no pollutants, and with carbon sequestration release minimal or no carbon emissions.  Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas, biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries), and municipal waste http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

50. Vision 21 Multidisciplinary http://www.netl.doe.gov/

51. Vision 21 Goals Efficiencies  Coal-fueled: >60% HHV  Gas-Fueled: >75%  Combined Heat & Power: 75-80% thermal Emissions  Air/Wastes: Zero  CO2: Zero (with sequestration) Costs  Electricity at market prices http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

52. Vision 21 Technology Roadmap http://www.netl.doe.gov/

53. Vision 21 Power Plant

54. DOE FutureGen FutureGen is an initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen production research power plant. The $1 billion dollar project is intended to create the world's first zero-emissions fossil fuel plant. When operational, the prototype will be the cleanest fossil fuel fired power plant in the world. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen

55. FutureGen Tomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant "Today I am pleased to announce that the United States will sponsor a $1 billion, 10- year demonstration project to create the world's first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant..."  President George W. Bush February 27, 2003 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen

56. FutureGen http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen

57. FutureGen

59. Orlando Clean Coal Power Plant http://www.dep.state.fl.us/energy/fla_energy/h_projects.htm

60. Polk Power Station – Tampa http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html

61. Next: Renewable Energy Integration http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gifhttp://www.re-energy.ca/

62. Extra Slides

63. Ultra-Clean Coal (UCC) Primarily in Australia Process coal to have <1% ash Alternative to heavy fuel oil and gas http://www.australiancoal.com.au/cleantechAus.htm#ultraclean

64. Ultra-Clean Coal

65. http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/energie__node.html

66. Coal Gasification http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html

67. Fluidized Bed Technology http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct4.html

68. http://www.netl.doe.gov/

69. Oceanic Carbon Cycle