1. GLOPEM Political Theory and Political Thought Prof. L. Caranti Prof. G. Costanzo Prof. L. Caranti Prof. G. Costanzo

2. Political Thought and European Democracy (3 cfu) Political Thought and European Democracy (3 cfu) MODULE 1

3. John Locke 1632 - 1704

4. Second Treaty - Chapter X Perfect Democracy Majority has the full power of the community Majority has the full power of the community - direct use of power to make - direct use of power to make civil laws civil laws - execution of civil laws by - execution of civil laws by officials designated by majority officials designated by majority

5. The community may assign the power to: Only one man (Monarchy) Only one man (Monarchy) A few chosen men (Oligarchy) A few chosen men (Oligarchy)

6. Democracy is defined as: The power of the majority in act The power of the majority in act Concedere legem Concedere legem

7. The foundation of the majority rule: Original pact Original pact The will of majority is valid as the will of the entire body politic The will of majority is valid as the will of the entire body politic

8. The majority rule becomes : A technical device A technical device A covenant rule A covenant rule

9. Individualism - Collettivism W. Kendall W. Kendall “J. Locke and the doctrine of majority rule” (1941) “J. Locke and the doctrine of majority rule” (1941) C. B. Macpherson C. B. Macpherson “ The political theory of possessive individualism: “ The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke” (1962) Hobbes to Locke” (1962) N. Bobbio N. Bobbio “ Da Hobbes a Marx” (1964) “ Da Hobbes a Marx” (1964)

10. Natural Law Authenticity Authenticity True values True values

11. Legislative power Supreme power Supreme power Fiduciary power Fiduciary power

12. Marxist critic H. Laski H. Laski - The State as a contract of - The State as a contract of businessmen businessmen

13. Property Real estate property Real estate property Civil property/rights Civil property/rights

14. The Limits Different rationality Different rationality Lower classes are excluded from political life Lower classes are excluded from political life

15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712 - 1778

16. Locke Locke - Sovereignty of the individual Rousseau Rousseau - Sovereignty of the State

17. The Contract Social order Social order Civil law Civil law General Will General Will Public good Public good

18. Democracy as: Government Government Regime Regime

19. Sovereign: Moral and collective body Moral and collective body Exercise of the General Will Exercise of the General Will General Will is always right General Will is always right Public utility Public utility

20. Attributs of sovereignty: Inalienable Inalienable Indivisible Indivisible Infallible Infallible Absolute Absolute

21. Government: Executive branch of the General Will Executive branch of the General Will Separation from the Sovereign Separation from the Sovereign

22. Characters of government: Strength (indirect relation) Strength (indirect relation) Rectitude (direct relation) Rectitude (direct relation)

23. The forms of government: One = Monarchy One = Monarchy All/Most = Democracy All/Most = Democracy A Minority = Aristocracy A Minority = Aristocracy - Natural - Natural - Hereditary (the worst) - Hereditary (the worst) - Elective (the best) - Elective (the best)

24. Democracy as a regime: The Sovereign as body politic The Sovereign as body politic The law as expression of the General Will The law as expression of the General Will

25. The Debate C. E. Vaughan C. E. Vaughan (democratic totalitarianism) (democratic totalitarianism) R. Derathé R. Derathé (liberal tradition) (liberal tradition)

26. General Will is enstablished by Majority rule Majority rule - The Convention - The Convention - Unanimous decision - Unanimous decision

27. The change of Regime implies: The abandonment of Democracy The abandonment of Democracy The waiver to reach political truth The waiver to reach political truth