2. 1 Beyond Third Generation Cellular Networks: The Integration of Internet and Telephony Technology Randy H. Katz UC Berkeley BT Labs 31 March 2000 http://iceberg.cs.berkeley.edu Cellular “Core” Network Bridge to the Future S. S. 7

3. 2 Outline Motivation It’s all about Services The ICEBERG Project Summary and Conclusions

4. 3 Outline Motivation It’s all about Services The ICEBERG Project Summary and Conclusions

5. 4 Mobile Telephone & Internet Users Source: Ericsson Radio Systems, Inc. Mobile Telephone Users Internet Users Millions Year

6. 5 Data Dominates United States Network Traffic Growth (gigabits, bn) Source: Nortel in The Economist, 13 Mar 99

7. 6 Core Network Becomes Data-Oriented IP-Based WAN Local Exch PSTN Local Switch IWF + Router Local Switch IWF + Router Voice Traffic Connection-Oriented Data Traffic Packet-Oriented Local Gateway Core Network Access Network Access Network Local Exch Net (LEC) Local Exch Net (LEC) Interexchange Network (IXC) Local Switch

8. 7 IP-Based WAN Packet-Oriented VoIP Gateway Core Network Access Network Access Network Router Core Network Becomes Data-Oriented Appl-specific routing overlays, e.g., info dissemination Routing infrastructure with DiffServ support Service-level agreements spanning multiple ISPs Services running on servers in the infrastructure

9. 8 Smart Appliances/Thin Clients Qualcomm PDQ Phone PDA PCS

10. 9 Top Gun MediaBoard –Participates as a reliable multicast client via proxy in wireline network Top Gun Wingman –“Thin” presentation layer in PDA with full rendering engine in wireline proxy

11. 10 Critical Trends Multimedia / Voice over IP networks –Lower cost, more flexible packet-switching core network –Simultaneous support for delay sensitive and delay insensitive flows via differentiated services Intelligence shifts to the network edges –Third-party functionality downloaded into Information Appliances like PalmPilots Programmable intelligence inside the network –Proxy servers intermixed with switching infrastructure –Mobile/extensible code, e.g., JAVA: “write once, run anywhere” –Rapid new service development –Speech-based services

12. 11 Outline Motivation It’s all about Services The ICEBERG Project Summary and Conclusions

13. 12 The Future: Internet-based Open Services Architecture “Today, the telecommunications sector is beginning to reshape itself, from a vertically to a horizontally structured industry. … [I]t used to be that new capabilities were driven primarily by the carriers. Now, they are beginning to be driven by the users. … There’s a universe of people out there who have a much better idea than we do of what key applications are, so why not give those folks the opportunity to realize them. … The smarts have to be buried in the ‘middleware’ of the network, but that is going to change as more-capable user equipment is distributed throughout the network. When it does, the economics of this industry may also change.” George Heilmeier, Chairman Emeritus, Bellcore

14. 13 Policy-based Location-based Activity-based Speech-to-Text Speech-to-Voice Attached-Email Call-to-Pager/Email Notification Email-to-Speech All compositions of the above! Universal In-box Transparent Information Access

15. 14 Room Entity Text to Command ICSI Speech Recognizer Microphone Cell phone A/V Devices Response to Client Path Audio TextCmd Composable Services E.g., voice control of A/V devices in a “Smart Room” –Multistage processing transformation –Strongly typed connectors –Service discovery service –Automated path generation

16. 15 Outline Motivation It’s all about Services The ICEBERG Project Summary and Conclusions

17. 16 ICEBERG: Internet-based core for CEllular networks BEyond the thiRd Generation Motivation: –People use a multitude of communication devices and networks: »Cell phones, PSTN, VoIP, E-mail, V-mail, fax, etc. »3G cellular: UMTS/IMT2000 »Wireless LANs: Bluetooth / HomeRF »Home Access Networks: DSL / Cable modem –Access to real-time services embedded in diverse networks Model: Person-to-Person and Person-to-Service communication across diverse access networks –Not device to device! –Service handoff across devices and access networks »Potentially Any Network Service (PANS) –Different coverage, bandwidth, latency, and cost characteristics

18. 17 ICEBERG Goals Demonstrate ease of new service deployment –Packet voice for computer-telephony integration –Speech- and location-enabled applications –Complete interoperation of speech, text, fax/image across the PDAs, pads, pagers, phones (4 P’s) –Mobility and generalized routing redirection Demonstrate new service architecture supporting innovative applications –Personal Information Management »Universal In-box: e-mail, news, fax, voice mail »Notification redirection: e.g., e-mail, pager –Home networking and control of “smart” spaces, sensor/actuator integration »Build on experience with A/V equipped rooms in Soda Hall

19. 18 Experimental Testbed SimMillennium Network Infrastructure GSM BTS Millennium Cluster WLAN / Bluetooth Pager IBM WorkPad CF788 MC-16 Motorola Pagewriter 2000 306 Soda 326 Soda “Colab” 405 Soda Velo Smart Spaces Personal Information Management TCI @Home H.323 GW Nino

20. 19 Bases (1M’s) –scalable, highly available –persistent state (safe) –databases, agents –“home” base per user –service programming environment Wide-Area Path Active Proxies (100M’s) –not packet routers, may be active networking nodes –bootstrap thin devices into infrastructure –soft-state and well-connected NINJA Distributed Computing Platform Units (1B’s) –sensors / actuators –PDAs / smartphones / PCs –heterogeneous –Minimal functionality: “Smart Clients” Jini devices

21. 20 ICEBERG Feature Set Potentially Any Network Services (PANS) –Any service can from any network by any device; network/device independence in system design Personal Mobility –Person as communication endpoint with single identity Service Mobility –Retain services across networks Easy Service Creation and Customization –Allow callee control & filtering Scalability, Availability, Fault Tolerance Security, Authentication, Privacy

22. 21 ICEBERG Architectural Elements ICEBERG Access Point (IAP) –Encapsulates network specific gateway (control and data) ICEBERG Point of Presence (iPOP) –Performs detailed signaling »Call Agent: per communication device per call party »Call Agent Dispatcher: deploy call agent Name Mapping Service –Mapping between iUID (Iceberg Unique ID) and service end point Preference Registry –Contains user profile: service subscription, configuration, customization Personal Activity Tracker (PAT) –Tracks dynamic information about user of interest Automatic Path Creation Service –Creates datapath among participants’ communications devices

23. 22 Transformation and Redirection IP Core PSTN Pager WLAN Cellular Network Cellular Network H.323 GW iPOP IAP Transducer Agent Redirection Agent

24. 23 More Detailed View Iceberg Network PSTN GSM Pager WaveLAN GSMPSTN IAP iPOP Cal Stanford Naming Server Preference Registry Personal Activity Tracker APC Server

25. 24 iPOP administration domains More Detailed View PSTN GSM Pager WaveLAN GSMPSTN IAP iPOP IAP Multicast tunnels

26. 25 ICEBERG Signaling System Signaling System –Distributed system w/agents communicating via signaling protocol for call setup, routing, & control ICEBERG Basic Call Service –Communication of two or more call participants using any number of communication devices via any kind of media –If call participant uses more than one devices, must be used synchronously Essential Approach –Loosely coupled, soft state-based signaling protocol w/group communication –Call Session: a collection of call agents that communicate with each other

27. 26 Signaling: Call Session Establishment Name Mapping Service Preference Registry Alice Bob Carol IAP 1 3 35 6 7 89 10 11 13 14 IAP 15 16 2 Call Agent Dispatcher Call Agent iPOP 4 Call Agent Dispatcher Call Agent iPOP 12 Call Agent Dispatcher Call Agent iPOP

28. 27 Call Control and Call States Control –For established call session, alter/propagate call states. Modify datapath correspondingly States –Call party identities, in-use devices in use & their call status, datapath information on active data streams Challenge –Reliable propagation of call state changes to call agents, given highly dynamic call session environment ICEBERG Approach –Light Weight Sessions –IAP: network specific gateways maintain hard state –IAPs and iPOPs exchange heartbeats; loss triggers recovery

29. 28 Light-Weight Call Session Call Agent Call Agent Data Path Table Call Session Auto Path Creation Call State Table Call Agent Announce Listen Create/tear down data path Create/tear down data path Add or remove path

30. 29 New ICEBERG Capabilty: Service Handoff Service handoff occurs when users switch communication devices in midst of call session Enables service mobility Service handoff is: –Generalized call transfer –Special case of conference call »User uses one device to invite another device »Then hangs up the first device

31. 30 Service Handoff Scenario: Cell Phone to Laptop Caller IAP Callee IAP Caller IAP2 handoff from cell phone to VAT Multicast Session announce Listen announce Listen announce Listen Cell phone turned off Start new IAP

32. 31 Service Handoff Scenario Caller IAP Callee IAP Caller IAP2 handoff from cell phone to VAT Multicast Session announce Listen announce Listen Cell phone turned off Start new IAP Simple reliability scheme IAP fault tolerant Simultaneous service handoff Multiparty calls trivial Security through encryption

33. 32 New ICEBERG Capabilty: Policy-Based Redirection Home Phone Voice Mail Pager Cell PhoneOffice Phone Calls during business hours Calls in the evening Anonymous Calls Friends & family calls E-Mail Important e-mail headers E-mail access via phone

34. 33 Policy-Based Redirection IF (9AM < hour < 5 PM) THEN Preferred-End- Point = Office-Phone IF (5 PM < hour < 11 PM) THEN Preferred-End- Point = Home-Phone IF (11 PM < hour < 9 AM) THEN Preferred-End- Point = Voice-Mail Personal Activity Tracker Preference Registry User Preference Profiles Other Personal State Callee location Callee state Per Call State e.g., Caller ID Time of Day Caller End Point Type Callee’s Preferred End Point

35. 34 Preference User Interface

36. 35 Outline Motivation It’s all about Services The ICEBERG Project Summary and Conclusions

37. 36 Implementation Status Much of architecture initially implemented –IAPs: GSM, PSTN (H.323), WaveLAN; Service handoff –iPOPs in Berkeley CS LAN: local area components for name service, pref resolution, activity tracking Areas under development: –Wide-area APC for service composition and instantiation –Graphical capture/playback of user preference specs –Billing architecture –New services to test the architecture: »Call completion on busy subscriber »Ninja jukebox to audio information appliance Evaluation –Critical metric is scalability, resistance to failure –Soft-state vs. hard-state performance tradeoffs

38. 37 Summary Bases Active Proxies Units Ninja Execution Environment Data Plane Operators Connectors Paths Control Plane IAP PAT PRLS APC Pref Reg Name Svc

39. 38 Conclusions Emerging Network-centric Distributed Architecture spanning processing and access Open, composable services architecture--the wide-area “operating system” of the 21st Century Beyond the desktop PC: information appliances supported by infrastructure services--multicast real- time media plus proxies for any-to-any format translation and delivery to diverse devices Common network core: optimized for data, based on IP, enabling packetized voice, supporting user, terminal, and service mobility