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1 Electromagnetic Radiation and Energy Electromagnetic Radiation: –Energy traveling through space Three Characteristics of Waves: 1.Wavelength: (symbolized 1.Distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave 2.Frequency: (symbolized 1.How many waves pass a given point per second 3.Speed: (symbolized c) 1.How fast a given peak moves through space
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3 Electromagnetic Radiation and Energy c = λ x ν c = speed of particle speed of light = 2.9979 x 10 8 m/s ν = frequency (s -1 or Hz) λ = wavelength (m)
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5 As temperature increases… –Maximum energy released in visible spectrum goes towards UV “white hot”
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6 Einstein’s Photon Photoelectric effect –Electron ejection after light strikes metal surface Must be the right frequency –Used in automatic door openers Einstein –Light has particle-like properties Photons No longer viewed as purely a wave
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7 Spectra Sunlight yields continuous spectrum Energized gaseous elements yield certain wavelengths –Line emission spectrum
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8 Atomic orbital The probability function that defines the distribution of electron density in space around the atomic nucleus.
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9 The s-orbital The simplest orbital The only orbital in the s-subshell Occurs in every principal energy level “s” stands for “sharp” The first energy level only houses this orbital Can house up to 2 electrons
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10 The p-orbitals Start in second principle energy level (n=2) There are three p-orbitals in the p-subshell (see below) –And one s-orbital “p” stands for “principle” Can house up to 6 electrons 2p x 2p y 2p z
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11 The d-orbitals Start in third principle energy level (n=3) There are five d-orbitals in the d-subshell –And one s-orbital –And three p-orbitals Can house up to 10 electrons “d” stands for “diffuse” 3d yz 3d xz 3d xy 3d x 2 -y 2 3d z 2
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12 The f-orbitals Start in fourth principle energy level (n=4) There are seven f-orbitals in the f-subshell –And one s-orbital –And three p-orbitals –And five d-orbitals Can house up to 14 electrons “f” stands for “fundamental”
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14 Electron Configuration Explain reactivity (or lack thereof) of elements Explains order of placement in Periodic Table –Into groups or families Similar chemical physical properties
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15 Using the Periodic Table to advantage
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