1. The Stuff of the Universe What is nature “made of”? Horsehead nebula in Orion

2. Matter & Energy

3. Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

4. Rock

5. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

6. Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

7. Atomic Structure

8. Atomic Number = Number of Protons

9. Elements Iron Carbon Gold

10. Periodic Table of the Elements

11. Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

12. Abundance of Elements (%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

13. Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons

14. Isotopes

15. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds Life, the Universe & Everything

16. Bonding forms Compounds

17. Minerals

18. Carbon is found in all organic compounds Organic Compounds

19. Why Carbon? Small and Abundant 4th most abundant element in the Solar System Bonds with a lot of different atoms Forms lots of different organic compounds Forms long chains (polymers) Forms very strong bonds Hard to destroy Bonds “store” a lot of energy

20. Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons))  Fats and Oils  cell membranes & energy storage 2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O)  Sugars, Starches and Cellulose  energy storage & structure

21. Organic Compounds Types of Organic Compounds 3.Amino Acids  Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)  Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions  also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc. 4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)  DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)  store & transfer genetic information

22. Energy: Types Sun - September 12, 2005 Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical

23. Electromagnetic Spectrum

24. Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

25. Energy: Units Joule (J) = Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by 0.1 meter (about the energy to lift an apple over your head) calorie (cal) = Energy needed to heat 1 g water by 1°C (Note” Calories (Cal) in food are equal to 1000 calories (cal) 1 calorie = 4.2 joules (1 Calorie = 4200 joules)

26. Power Rate of energy use Watt (Joule/second) 100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each second (200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb for 140 minutes)

27. 3 Fundamental Laws of Nature Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy)

28. 3 Fundamental Laws of Nature “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”