1. 1 Computer Science E-1 Practical Computing Rei Diaz and Dan Armendariz libe1@fas.harvard.edu

2. 2 Hardware, Part Deux

3. 3 CPUs Images from http://www.apple.com/g4/, copyright © Apple Computer, Inc; http://www.intel.com/support/processors/sspec/icp.htm, copyright © Intel Corporation; http://developer.intel.com/design/mobile/pentium4p-m/p4p-m.htm, copyright © Intel Corporation; http://www17.tomshardware.com/cpu/02q3/020821/index.html, copyright © Tom’s Guides Publishing LLC; and http://internet.ls-la.net/pictures/Pentium-II.html, copyright © Oliver Schade.

4. 4 Units of Measure Hertz: Unit of Frequency 1 cycle per second 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second

5. 5 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition HertzHz1 cycle per second KHz1,024 Hz 1,048,576 Hz 1,073,741,824 Hz

6. 6 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy CPUs separately Cost varies by type and speed

7. 7 Single Core vs. Multi Core All single cores back in the day Limits to speed due to heat Solution: multi core! Most common today: dual core More on multi-core processors later

8. 8 RAM Images from http://www.pcmech.com/show/memory/136/, copyright © PC Media, Inc., and http://www.powerspec.com/support/tech_notes/d850gb_ram_upgrade.html, copyright © Micro Electronics, Inc.

9. 9 Units of Measure bits and bytes powers of 2

10. 10 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition bitb0 or 1 byteB8 b kilobyteKB1,024 B megabyteMB1,048,576 B gigabyteGB1,073,741,824 B terabyteTB1,099,511,627,776 B

11. 11 Typical RAM Sizes RAM Images from http://www.pcmech.com/show/memory/136/, copyright © PC Media, Inc., and http://www.powerspec.com/support/tech_notes/d850gb_ram_upgrade.html, copyright © Micro Electronics, Inc.

12. 12 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy RAM separately Cost varies by type and size

13. 13 Storage

14. 14 Units of Measure Storage –bits and bytes –powers of 2 Access –RPMs (HDDs only)

15. 15 Orders of Magnitude UnitAbbreviationDefinition bitb0 or 1 byteB8 b kilobyteKB1,024 B megabyteMB1,048,576 B gigabyteGB1,073,741,824 B terabyteTB1,099,511,627,776 B

16. 16 Storage Space HDDs –30 GB to 500 GB –Larger sizes available; but expensive! SSDs –Up to 64 GB –Larger sizes available; but expensive!

17. 17 Cost Usually subsidized in price of new PC You can buy HDDs separately Cost varies by type and size

18. 18 Storage Space DVDs –4.7 GB (single layer) CDs –650 MB Floppy Disks –1.44 MB Zip Drives –100 MB

19. 19 Newer Media Blu-ray –25 GB (single layer) http://www.blu-ray.com/faq HD DVD –15 GB (single layer) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD#HD_DVD_.2F_Blu-ray_disc_comparison

20. 20 The Motherboard Revealed!

21. 21 More Hardware The motherboard revealed! –Expansion Slots Stuff connected to your computer –I/O Devices –Ports

22. 22 The “Pipeline”

23. 23 The “Pipeline” “In computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computer)

24. 24 The “Pipeline” The pipeline is a whole “job” that has been broken down into logical parts Same approach as an assembly line Fetch, Decode, Execute, Write

25. 25 Bringing it together CPU RAM Storage

26. 26 The Assembly Line CPU RAM Storage Expensive and very fast, but can’t hold much data Less expensive, but fast and holds more data Inexpensive and comparatively slow, stores oodles of data

27. 27 Advanced Maneuvers

28. 28 Multi-Core CPUs A multi-core CPU combines two or more independent processors on a single chip (integrated circuit). Various multi-core CPUs are developed by companies such as Motorola, Intel, and AMD. They appeared in consumer products starting around 2005.

29. 29 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Proc Dual-Core

30. 30 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Core Interface CPU

31. 31 The Assembly Line Multi-Core Style RAM Storage Proc Quad-Core Proc

32. 32 The Assembly Line Multi-CPU Style RAM Storage Proc

33. 33 For More Wikipedia WhatIs.com Webopedia

34. 34 Next Week

35. 35 Image from http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/papers/cache6.pdf, copyright © Intel Corporation. Computing De-Mystified

36. 36 Boot Process POST: Power On Self Test –BIOS: Basic Input/Output System –CMOS: Stores BIOS Settings OS: Operating System (e.g.: Linux, OS X, Windows)

37. 37 Stuff That Connects to a Computer Printers Scanners iPods TV Tuners Gaming Equipment No kitchen sinks, but… Coffee Pot

38. 38 Yes, a Coffee Pot! Image from http://www.quakecon.org/forums/showthread.php?t=9186&page=5

39. 39 Computer Science E-1 Practical Computing Rei Diaz and Dan Armendariz libe1@fas.harvard.edu