1. POSIX Threads Nezer J. Zaidenberg

2. References  Advanced programming for the UNIX environment (2nd edition. This material does not exist in first edition)  Further reading  Yolinux.com : POSIX thread (pthread) libraries (very basic and I found some mistakes there!)  Programming with POSIX(R) Threads by David Botenhof (more advanced then this course) Zhttp://www.ibm.com/developerworks/libr ary/l-posix1.html (and chapters 2/3)http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/libr ary/l-posix1.html

3. #include void *print_message_function( void *ptr ); main() { pthread_t thread1, thread2; char *message1 = "Thread 1"; char *message2 = "Thread 2"; pthread_create( &thread1, NULL, print_message_function, (void*) message1); pthread_create( &thread2, NULL, print_message_function, (void*) message2); pthread_join( thread1, NULL); pthread_join( thread2, NULL); exit(0); } void *print_message_function( void *ptr ) { char *message; message = (char *) ptr; printf("%s \n", message); }

4. Two important notes  To compile :  C : gcc -lpthread thread.c  C++ : g++ -lpthread thread.cxx  Other platforms and compilers may require -pthread flag instead  Never code like this  You should check pthread create return value

5. Pthread_create SYNOPSIS #include int pthread_create(pthread_t * thread, const pthread_attr_t * attr, void * (*start_routine)(void *), void *arg); Arguments thread - returns the thread id. (unsigned long int defined in bits/pthreadtypes.h) attr - Set to NULL if default thread attributes are used. (else define members of the struct pthread_attr_t defined in bits/pthreadtypes.h) void * (*start_routine) - pointer to the function to be threaded. Function has a single argument: pointer to void. *arg - pointer to argument of function. To pass multiple arguments, send a pointer to a structure.

6. Pthread exit SYNOPSIS #include void pthread_exit(void *retval); Arguments: * retval - Return value of thread.

7. Pthread join SYNOPSIS #include int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **value_ptr); Arguments Value_ptr = the value returned by thread This function is BLOCKING!!!

8. Passing arguments to/from threads ZCan be done using the void pointer (cast the void * into a struct and point into any number of arguments) ZReturn values can be returned in the same way ZShared memory is also used for this (but is less recommended because of problems with syncing)

9. Example (1/3) #define _MULTI_THREADED #include #include "check.h ” typedef struct { int value; char string[128]; } thread_parm_t; void *threadfunc(void *parm) { thread_parm_t *p = (thread_parm_t *)parm; printf("%s, parm = %d ¥ n", p->string, p->value); free(p); return NULL; }

10. Example 2/3 int main(int argc, char **argv) { pthread_t thread; int rc=0; pthread_attr_t pta; phread_parm_t *parm=NULL; printf("Create a thread attributes object ¥ n"); rc = pthread_attr_init(&pta); checkResults("pthread_attr_init() ¥ n", rc); parm = malloc(sizeof(thread_parm_t)); parm->value = 5; strcpy(parm->string, "Inside secondary thread"); rc = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, threadfunc, (void *)parm); parm = malloc(sizeof(thread_parm_t)); parm->value = 77; strcpy(parm->string, "Inside secondary thread");

11. Example 3/3 rc = pthread_create(&thread, &pta, threadfunc, (void *)parm); rc = pthread_attr_destroy(&pta); sleep(5); printf("Main completed ¥ n"); return 0; }

12. Problems with example ZCheck return code (existed in the original example) ZDon’t use sleep() to wait for thread! ZAvoid heap memory allocation. (It was used in the original example and I wanted to show shared memory and cases where one thread mallocs and another free.)

13. Thread attributes  # detached state (joinable? Default: PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE. Other option: PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)  # scheduling policy (real-time? PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED,PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHE D,SCHED_OTHER)  # scheduling parameter  # inheritsched attribute (Default: PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED Inherit from parent thread: PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED)  # scope (Kernel threads: PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM User threads: PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS Pick one or the other not both.)  # guard size  # stack address (See unistd.h and bits/posix_opt.h _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR)  # stack size (default minimum PTHREAD_STACK_SIZE set in pthread.h),

14. Sync using mutex (1/2) #include pthread_mutex_t mutex1 = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; int counter = 0; void *functionC() { pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex1 ); counter++; // was in orig example and evil :-) printf("Counter value: %d\n",counter); pthread_mutex_unlock( &mutex1 ); }

15. Syncing 2/2 int main() { int rc1, rc2; pthread_t thread1, thread2; if( (rc1=pthread_create( &thread1, NULL, &functionC, NULL)) ) { printf("Thread creation failed: %d\n", rc1); } if( (rc2=pthread_create( &thread2, NULL, &functionC, NULL)) ) { printf("Thread creation failed: %d\n", rc2); } // ++counter pthread_join( thread1, NULL); pthread_join( thread2, NULL); exit(0); }

16. Pthread_mutex_lock SYNOPSIS #include int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); Lock function is blocking Trylock function is not blocking (it would lock if it can) Unlock release

17. Using cond (1/7) #include #define NUM_THREADS 3 #define TCOUNT 10 #define COUNT_LIMIT 12 int count = 0; int thread_ids[3] = {0,1,2}; pthread_mutex_t count_mutex; pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv;

18. Using cond 2/7 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i, rc; pthread_t threads[3]; pthread_attr_t attr; /* Initialize mutex and condition variable objects */ pthread_mutex_init(&count_mutex, NULL); pthread_cond_init (&count_threshold_cv, NULL); /* For portability, explicitly create threads in a joinable state */ pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);

19. Cond 3/7 pthread_create(&threads[0], &attr, inc_count, (void *)&thread_ids[0]); pthread_create(&threads[1], &attr, inc_count, (void *)&thread_ids[1]); pthread_create(&threads[2], &attr, watch_count, (void *)&thread_ids[2]); /* Wait for all threads to complete */ for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { pthread_join(threads[i], NULL); } printf ("Main(): Waited on %d threads. Done.\n", NUM_THREADS); /* Clean up and exit */ pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); pthread_mutex_destroy(&count_mutex); pthread_cond_destroy(&count_threshold_cv); pthread_exit (NULL); }

20. Using cond 4/7 void *inc_count(void *idp) { int j,i; double result=0.0; int *my_id = idp; for (i=0; i < TCOUNT; i++) { pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); count++; // arrrrrrrggggghhhhh /* Check the value of count and signal waiting thread when condition is reached. Note that this occurs while mutex is locked. */

21. Cond 5/7 if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv); printf("inc_count(): thread %d, count = %d Threshold reached.\n", *my_id, count); } printf("inc_count(): thread %d, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n", *my_id, count); pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); /* Do some work so threads can alternate on mutex lock */ for (j=0; j < 1000; j++) result = result + (double)random(); } pthread_exit(NULL); }

22. Using cond 6/7 void *watch_count(void *idp) { int *my_id = idp; printf("Starting watch_count(): thread %d\n", *my_id); /* Lock mutex and wait for signal. Note that the pthread_cond_wait routine will automatically and atomically unlock mutex while it waits. Also, note that if COUNT_LIMIT is reached before this routine is run by the waiting thread, the loop will be skipped to prevent pthread_cond_wait from never returning. */

23. Using Cond 7/7 pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); if (count < COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex); printf("watch_count(): thread %d Condition signal received.\n", *my_id); } pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); pthread_exit(NULL); }

24. Good and bad things ZDon’t use x++ unless you have to ZCheck return code ZIn your practice code add some work so threads will alternate