1. Thermodynamics Lecture Series email: drjjlanita@hotmail.com http://www.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.h tmldrjjlanita@hotmail.com Applied Sciences Education Research Group (ASERG) Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Combustion

2. Review – Steam Power Plant Pump Boiler Turbin e Condenser High T Res., T H Furnace q in = q H  in  out Low T Res., T L Water from river A Schematic diagram for a Steam Power Plant q out = q L Working fluid: Water q in - q out =  out -  in q in - q out =  net,out

3. Review - Steam Power Plant Steam Power Plant High T Res., T H Furnace q in = q H  net,out Low T Res., T L Water from river An Energy-Flow diagram for a SPP q out = q L Working fluid: Water Purpose: Produce work, W out,  out

4. Composition Summary Gas Mixtures – Composition by Moles + 3 kmol H2H2 O2O2 1 kmol + == 4 kmol H 2 +O 2 Gravimetric Analysis Volumetric Analysis where

5. Dalton’s Law Gas Mixtures – Additive Pressure P H2 H2H2 O2O2 P O2 + + == P H2 + P O2 H 2 +O 2  The total pressure exerted in a container at volume V and absolute temperature T, is the sum of component pressure exerted by each gas in that container at V, T. k is total number of components

6. Amagat’s Law Gas Mixtures – Additive Volume  The total volume occupied in a container at pressure P mix and absolute temperature T mix, is the sum of component volumes occupied by each gas in that container at P mix, T mix. k is total number of components V H2 H2H2 O2O2 V O2 + + == V H2 + V O2 H 2 +O 2

7. Partial Pressure Gas Mixtures –Pressure Fraction  The pressure fraction for each gas inside the container is H 2 +O 2 Hence the partial pressure is In general, Since

8. Partial Volume Gas Mixtures –Volume Fraction  The volume fraction for each gas inside the container is H 2 +O 2 Hence the partial volume is In general, Since

9. Gas Mixtures –Combustion Converting gravimetric to volumetric Constituent% By weight Mass fraction mf i = m i /m mix Mass, kg m i = mf*m mix Molar mass M i, kg/kmol CO 2 13.30.13300.1344 CO0.950.00950.0128 O2O2 8.350.08350.0832 N2N2 77.40.77400.7728 Total100.001.00001.00- Mixture by weight is: 13.3% CO 2 ; 0.95% CO; 8.35% O 2 ; 77.4% N 2. Let the mixture mass be 1 kg.

10. Gas Mixtures –Combustion Converting gravimetric to volumetric Constituent# of kilomoles N i = m i /M i Mole fraction y i = N i /N mix % By volume CO 2 0.00300.0909.0 CO0.00030.0101.0 O2O2 0.00260.0787.8 N2N2 0.02760.82282.2 Total0.03361.00100.0 Mixture by weight is: 13.3% CO 2 ; 0.95% CO; 8.35% O 2 ; 77.4% N 2. Let the mixture mass be 1 kg.

11. Gas Mixtures –Combustion Converting volumetric to gravimetric Constituent% By volume Mole fraction y i = N i /N mix # of kilomoles N i = y i *N mix C850.85 H2H2 70.07 O2O2 50.05 S30.03 Total100.01.00 Mixture by volume is: 85% C; 7% H 2 ; 5% O 2 ; 3% S. Let the mixture volume be 1 kilomole.

12. Gas Mixtures –Combustion Converting volumetric to gravimetric ConstituentMolar mass M i, kg/kmol Mass, kg m i = N i *M i Mass fraction mf i = m i /m mix % By weight C1210.200.790779.1 H2H2 20.140.01091.09 O2O2 321.600.124012.40 S320.960.07447.44 Total-12.901.0000100.00 Mixture by volume is: 85% C; 7% H 2 ; 5% O 2 ; 3% S. Let the mixture volume be 1 kilomole.