1. Some Fundamentals of Measurement and Calculation

2. Numbers And Numerals A number: is a total quantity, or amounts of units. A numeral: is a word or a sign expressing a number e.g. 3,5. A number may be: - A natural or whole number, or integer: e.g.49. - A fraction: subdivision of a whole number: e.g. ¾. -A mixed number: consisting of a whole number plus a fraction: e.g. 3.8. -Abstract or pure number: A number taken by itself, without application to anything concrete: e.g.4, 8, 12. -A concrete or denominate number: A number that designates a quantity of objects or units of measure: e.g. 4 grams.

3. Arabic Numerals Arabic system of notation: It is called a decimal system, with only ten figures (zero – 9). Roman numerals: the roman system of notation expresses a large range of numbers by the use of few letters of the alphabet. ss = ½ i = 1 v = 5 X = 10 L = 50 c = 100 d = 500 m = 1000

4. Roman Numerals (cont.) 1- Two or more letters express a quantity that is the sum of their values if they are equal or smaller in value: ii = 2 Lx = 60 xv = 15 dv = 505 mm = 2000 2- Two or more letters express a quantity that is the sum of the values remaining after the value of each smaller letter has been subtracted from that of a following greater : iv = 4 xl = 40 xxiv = 24