1. Biochemistry

2. Carbon Compounds
Organic compounds - compounds made primarily of carbon atoms
Carbon atoms are important because:
they have four valence electrons
they can bond with other carbon atoms to form straight chains, branched chains, or rings

3. Functional groups - clusters of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule

4. Monomers - small, simple molecule
Polymers - molecules that consist of repeated, linked units
Macromolecule - large polymers

5. Condensation Reaction
Each time a monomer is added to another monomer or polymer, a water molecule is released
Glucose + fructose ---> sucrose + water

6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Each time a polymer is broken down into smaller molecules, a water molecule is added
Sucrose + water ---> glucose + fructose

7. ATP
Adenosine triphosphate - the molecule that cells use to store energy
ADP + P + energy ---> ATP
ATP ---> ADP + P + energy

8. Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates - organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)
- used as a source of energy or as structural materials

9. Monomer - monosaccharide (simple sugar)
- glucose (energy for cells), fructose (in fruits; sweetest), galactose (in milk)
- are isomers - same formula, different structure

10. Larger carbohydrate molecules
- disaccharide - double sugar (two monomers)
- polysaccharide - complex sugar (three or more monomers)
- animals store glucose as glycogen
- plants store glucose as starch
- cellulose (plants) is main component of cell walls

11. Proteins - organic compounds composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Monomer - amino acids (20)
-have functional groups (carboxyl group, amino group, R group)

12. dipeptide - two amino acids bonded together
polypeptide -long chain of amino acids
protein - made of one or more polypeptides
enzymes - act as catalysts
specific relationship to substrate
specific as to environment

13. Lipids - large organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments
- store more energy per gram than other organic compounds

14. Fatty acids - unbranched carbon chains
- one end is hydrophobic (nonpolar)
- one end is hydrophilic (polar)
- saturated (each carbon bonded to four atoms; all single bonds)
- unsaturated (each carbon not bonded to four atoms; contains a double or triple bond)

15. Triglycerides - three fatty acids joined to glycerol
- saturated - butter and fats in red meat
- unsaturated - plant seeds
Phospholipids - two fatty acids joined to glycerol
- cell membrane

16. Wax - long fatty acid chain joined to long alcohol chain
- form protective layers in plants and animals
Steroids - four fused carbon rings with functional groups
- hormones, cholesterol

17. Nucleic acids - large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer information in the cell
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)