1. Standing Water – lakes and ponds Lakes result from either barriers to drainage or when depressions (or excavations) form along a drainage system Majority of lakes are found in glaciated areas and are formed by glacial action Others are formed in river channels (oxbows), by geological faulting, volcanic action, or sea level changes

2. Beavers form ponds by blocking drainage and then excavating the basins and seal the dam with the mud they dig up—lakes and man-made reservoirs are formed in much the same way—excavation and impoundment.

3. The vast majority of lakes in the world occur in glaciated areas—74% Glacial lakes

4. Glaciers can form lakes in the following ways: Ice can impound the flow in a drainage system The flow can be blocked by glacial till or moraines Ice flow can scour or deepen a basin Ice blocks in till can melt out to form a “kettle” or “pothole” which then fills up with seepage or surface flow

6. Mountain glacier Moraine Moraine dams tributary stream

7. Glacier recedes Moraine After the mountain glacier recedes a large lake can fill the scoured out valley. The moraine damming the lake outflow maintains the level Glacier recedes

8. Moraine at the outlet of Upper Waterton lake

9. A Proglacial lake A river is blocked by ice, usually from a large continental glacier the water flowing toward the glacier forms a large lake at the glacier margin

10. Following the retreat of the last glaciation most of the Canadian landscape was covered by proglacial lakes Species tolerant of coldwater (salmonid and coregonids) became very widespread. Opportunities for dispersal of cool and warmwater species were much more limited because these water bodies disappeared with the ice. Proglacial lakes

11. Probable Waterton glacial lake at the height of the Wisconsin glaciation >12,000 yr bp. This lake would have been fed by the all of the tributaries of the Oldman system western extent of the continental glacier Eastern extent of the cordilleran glaciers Present Waterton lakes This lake probably served as a major refugium from which fish and invertebrates colonized the SSRB, after the ice age. Genetic studies indicate that many lake trout populations across western Canada came from this glacial refugium Proglacial lakes in southwestern Alberta and Montana (around 12,000 Bp)

12. Waterton Lakes have a similar origin—Both Waterton and Memphremagog have contain glacial relict animal species in their deep waters.

13. Freshwater mysid shrimp are important glacial relicts and have a restricted range because of this. They have been introduced to many lakes because fisheries managers thought that this would improve fisheries yields This has largely backfired because Mysis tends to compete with epilimnetic zooplanktivorous fish, and because of their vertical migrations are difficult for these fish to consume. Most of the mysids for the introductions to other western lakes came from Upper Waterton Lake

14. Cirque lakes in the rockies Glaciers in headwater valleys tend to scour out a bowl shaped basin and the excavated material forms a moraine at the lake outflow that maintains the lake level after the glacier has receded. Drainage in Moraine lake was further impeded by a large landslide across the outflow Most cirque lakes are fishless unless stocked

16. Large blocks of ice left behind in moraines and till mounds as glaciers melt and grow “stagnant”. As they gradually melt, they leave behind a depression in the till that fills by seepage Many of the small pothole lakes in Alberta are kettle lakes. Pothole or kettle lake formed in glacial --usually small < 30 ha, but can be quite deep--10-40 m. Watersheds are very small.

17. A Block of ice from a retreating glacier buried in glacial till As the ice melts over hundreds of years, a depression is left behind in the till If the water table is high enough the depression will fill with water forming a kettle lake or bog Such basins are very common on glaciated landscapes Kettle Lake formation

18. Polygon ponds form along the Arctic coastal lowlands. Form in the summer as wedges of ice melt within the permafrost to form small polygonal basins (around 50 m across) that fill up with surface water. See Fig. 6.2 in your text Polygonal ponds near the Lena River, Russia Another type of basin associated with ice melting.

19. Most of the large and old lakes in the world are Tectonic lakes Many occupy ancient basins called grabens—formed by large geological faults Rocks before faulting Lake in a symmetrical graben Lake in a tilted graben

20. Lake Baikal—one of the most famous tectonic lakes in the world, has existed for over 20 million years

22. Crater Lake, Oregon -589 m deep and possibly the clearest lake in the world, Transparency up to 90 m. Thermocline very deep for its size No rooted plants. Mud doesn’t accumulate on the bottom till > 90 m depth Some of the most spectacular tectonic lakes are formed in volcanic craters. Why is this lake so different from most lakes? Volcanic Crater lakes