1. Blue Gouramis Highly Territorial But Needs to Mate 3. What are the CS and US?

4. Conclusions 4. Pavlovian CRs are usually highly adaptive Darwin’s Finches

5. 4. What are the CS and US?

6. Taste Aversion

7. Conclusions 1 (again). Conditioned behaviour is “evoked” by the CS, it is not “chosen” at the time by the organism 5. What constitutes a pairing depends on the response system (no optimal ISI)

8. 5. What are the CS and US?

9. Paired versus Unpaired

12. Diagnostic tool

13. Conclusions 6. Effects of CS-US pairings must be compared to a proper control group 7. Slow development of the CR may predict disease

14. 6. What are the CS and US? sniff, social contact, approach

15. Recall: The US also affects the Form of the CR Unconditioned Stimulus –food vs. water outcome Conditioned Stimulus –social vs. nonsocial signal

16. Stimulus Substitution Examples (the CS takes the place of the US) Pavlov: UR = Salivation, CR = Salivation Cocaine: UR = Activity, CR = Activity Cyclophosamide: UR & CR = immune suppression. Autoshaping: CR for water = Closed beak, CR for grain = Open beak

17. Critical Point US difference is readily explained by stimulus substitution CS difference is not!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

18. 7. What are the CS and US? (shock) (tone)

19. After one or two pairings… (CS) Blood pressure Heart Rate Stress Hormones Hypoalgesia Freezing (CR’s)

20. Conditioned Suppression

21. Suppression Ratio a = responses during the CS b = responses prior to the CS a (a + b) After 10 Tone-Shock trials: a = 3; b = 20. 3/(3+20) = 0.13 On first Tone-Shock trial: a = 30; b = 30. 30/(30+30) = 0.50

22. Rayner with “Little Albert”

23. Timberlake Behavior Systems Theory The CS and US engage the same “behavior system” – e.g., defensive, sexual The form of the CR depends on the length of the delay between CS and US. Overt CR is flexible – depends on the interval

24. Activity/ Arousal Approach Sexual Encounter EscapeFreeze Flight/ Flinch US CS

25. Conclusions 8. Effects of CS-US pairings can be measured directly or indirectly by their effects on another behavior 9. Form of CR changes with ISI 2. (Again) Although the CR is evoked, there are many situational factors that determine its form