1. Introduction and History of Industrial-Organizational Psychology SOC 325 Behaviors at Work Jan 21, 2002 Ref: Spector, Ch 1 (p. 3-11)

2. 2002/1/21 2 A. What is I-O Psy? l Psychology is the science of human behavior l I-O Psy is the science of human behavior at work l Two major fields k Industrial Psy (personnel psy) u enhance efficiency / productivity of organizations u through appropriate use of human resources or people u efficient job design, employee selection, training, performance appraisal, compensation and benefit, etc.

3. 2002/1/21 3 k Organizational Psy (Organizational Behavior in B-School) u understanding behavior and enhancing the well-being of employees u employee motivation, job attitudes, job stress, and supervisory practices, etc. k I-O topics may overlap l What are the objectives of I-O Psy?

4. 2002/1/21 4 l Dual objectives: k scientist-practitioner approach k develop scientific psychological principles at work k apply the psychological principles to the workplace k Example: MBA admission u Verbal, numeric, and analytic ability u Managerial success u Develop GMAT u Use GMAT as one selection criterion

5. 2002/1/21 5 B. History of I-O Psy l Around 100 years l Major events: l Taylor (1911), Scientific Management - to guide organizational practices u E.g. Employees should be selected according to characteristics that are related to job performance. Managers should study existing employees to find out what personal characteristics are important. u See other guidelines in page 7 k Refined over the years but are still considered valuable today

6. 2002/1/21 6 l Hawthorne studies k Focus on employee productivity and organizational efficiency in factory plant k Employee abilities & design of jobs u Example: Lighting-level effects on performance u Objective: Identify the optimal lighting level u Method u Finding u Psychosocial factor - Hawthorne effect

7. 2002/1/21 7 Graphical Portrayal of a Hawthorne Effect Onset of intervention

8. 2002/1/21 8 l World War I & II k Army Alpha and Army Beta u mental ability test for placement u mass testing k Training of the officers, improving morale, team development, and equipment design k Developed various assessment tools and performance models

9. 2002/1/21 9 C. I-O as a profession l Professional Societies: k Academy of Management (www.aom.pace.edu) k Society for I-O Psy under the American Psychological Association (www.siop.org) k Division of I-O Psy under the Hong Kong Psychological Society (www.hkps.org.hk/diop/index.htm)

10. 2002/1/21 10 1. HKPS - DIOP l What it does for you? k Provide professional psychological services to enhance organizational effectiveness k Join the division as affiliate or full member to receive continuous professional education k Register as Registered Industrial- Organizational Psychologists (HKPS) u Jessica Kwong (Reg. I-O Psy, HKPS)

11. 2002/1/21 11 l Why look for Reg. I-O Psychologists? k Assure service quality k Provide a formal channel to file complaint against poor service standard l HKPS is the only professional body in HK which accepts the registration of Psychologist 1. HKPS - DIOP

12. 2002/1/21 12 l Core Competencies: u Personnel Selection, Placement and Assessment u Performance Management and Appraisal u Motivation, Leadership, Group and Work behaviour u Organizational Development and Change u Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Behaviour u Ergonomics and Human Factors u Management/Staff Training and Development 1. HKPS - DIOP

13. 2002/1/21 13 2. Graduate training l M.A. /M. Phil /Ph.D in I-O Psychology in U.S. (2 - 5 years with placement) l M. A. in Occupational Psychology in U.K. (1 year with no placement) l M. Phil in I-O Psychology in HK (2 years with placement)

14. 2002/1/21 14 l M. Phil (I-O Psy) only in Chinese U of Hong Kong (www.psy.cuhk.edu.hk) l Admission every 2 years; no. of intake is increasing l The design of the curriculum follows the scientist-practitioner model, with emphasis on both theoretical and applied skills. k Seminar in Research Methods I k Seminar in Research Methods II k Independent Study k Personnel Psychology k Organizational Psychology I k Organizational Psychology II k Organizational Placement k Seminar in Quantitative Skills for Industrial-Organizational Psychology k Seminar in the Psychology of Training and Development k Seminar in Consumer Psychology k Seminar in Professional Issues k Thesis Research

15. 2002/1/21 15 Employment in I-O Psy l Prospects of the I-O Psy graduates of CUHK l Number of graduates is increasing l Field expanding and becoming popular

16. 2002/1/21 16 D. Cross-Cultural Issues l Majority of I-O studies have been conducted in individualistic countries l Culture clash when apply in collectivistic countries l Differences in beliefs, values, norms, etc. l Globalization, multinational firms, workforce diversity, etc., call for cross-cultural models l Etic - culture free vs. Emic - cultural specific