1. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

2. Introduction to Symmetry Analysis Brian Cantwell Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University Chapter 1 - Introduction to Symmetry

3. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.1) Symmetry in Nature Iconaster Longimanus Sunflower

4. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

5. Angelina Jolie Original Image Right side reflection Left side reflection

6. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.3) The discrete symmetries of objects 3x(4-1)=9 4x(3-1)=8 6x(2-1)=6 1 identity operation 24 member rotation group

7. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.4) The twelve-fold discrete symmetry group of a snowflake

8. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics One can tell that the snowflake has been rotated. Therefore the 30° rotation is not a symmetry operation for the snowflake.

9. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

10. (1.1) (1.2) Insert the discrete values  60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300° and 360°. The result is a set of six matrices corresponding to the six rotations. We can express the symmetry properties of the snowflake mathematically as a transformation.

11. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.3)

12. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

13. (1.4)

14. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.5) (1.6) The group is closed under matrix multiplication.

15. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

16. (1.7) (1.8)

17. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

18. (1.4) The principle of covariance

19. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.9) (1.5) Continuous symmetries of functions and differential equations

20. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.10)

21. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.11) (1.12)

22. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.13) Use the transformation (1.9) and (1.13) to transform an ODE of the form (1.14) The symmetry of a first order ODE is analyzed in the tangent space (x, y, dy/dx) Transform the first derivative.

23. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.15) (1.16)

24. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

25. (1.17) (1.18)

26. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.19) (1.20) (1.21) The solution curve (1.20) is transformed to

27. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.22) (1.23)

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29. (1.24) (1.25) (1.26)

30. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.27)

31. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.28) (1.29)

32. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.30) (1.31) (1.32)

33. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.34) (1.35)

34. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.36) (1.37) (1.38)

35. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.39) (1.40) (1.41) For example let u=0 and let f = - t - x 2 /2 then

36. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.6) Some Notation Conventions In group theory we make use of transformations of the following form (1.42) where the partial derivatives are (1.43)

37. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Notation

38. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Einstein used the following notation for partial derivatives. Note the comma (1.44) We use the Einstein convention on the summation of repeated indices (1.45)

39. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Much of the theory of Lie groups relies on the infinitesimal form of the transformation expanded about small values of the group parameter. The function that infinitesimally transforms the derivative is of the form (1.46) (1.47) Function label Derivative

40. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1.7) Concluding Remarks (1.8) Exercises

41. Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics