1. XMλ

2. Contents What is the problem? Hosoya’s approach Shields’ approach XMLambda and the UHConclusion

3. What is the problem? XML, a standard language of first-order, tree-like datatypes XML works well for describing static documents, but documents are typically dynamic, generated by a server Implementing a server for dynamic documents in conventional languages is hard:  no direct support for XML or scripting language syntax  no compile-time checks to ensure valid documents Can custom languages developed for XML be embedded as combinatory libraries within a Haskell-like language?

4. element Msg= ( ( (To|Bcc)* & From), Body) element To= String element Bcc= String element From= String element Body= P* element P= String jrommes@cs.uu.nl doaitse@cs.uu.nl joep@geevers.com Our presentation is finished! XML

5. element Msg= ( ( (To|Bcc)* & From), Body) element To= String element Bcc= String element From= String element Body= P* element P= String |:union *:sequence &:unordered tuple,:ordered tuple XML

6. What we are looking for: XML→ Functional Program. document-type definition→ type definitions Regular expression→type element→ term Document validation→type checking

7. Possible solutions 1. Using a universal datatype Data Element= Atom String | Node String (List Element)

8. Data Element= Atom String | Node String (List Element) Node “Msg” [ Node “To” [Atom “jrommes@cs.uu.nl”], Node “Bcc [Atom “doaitse@cs.uu.nl”], Node “From” [Atom “joep@geevers.com”], Node “Body” [ Node “P” [Atom “Our...”] ] No validation possible

9. Possible solutions 1. Using a universal datatype 2. Using a newtype declarations Newtype Msg= Msg (List (Either To Bcc), From, Body ) Newtype From= From String Newtype To= To String Newtype Bcc= Bcc String Newtype Body= List P Newtype P= P String

10. Newtype Msg = Msg (List (Either To Bcc), From, Body Newtype From = From String Newtype To = To String Newtype Bcc = Bcc String Newtype Body = List P Newtype P = P String Msg ( [ Left ( To “jrommes@cs.uu.nl”),jrommes@cs.uu.nl Right ( Bcc “doaitse@cs.uu.nl”),doaitse@cs.uu.nl From “joep@geevers.com”,joep@geevers.com Body [ P “Our...” ] ) Sound, but not complete.

11. Possible solutions 1. Using a universal datatype 2. Using a newtype declarations 3. Using regular expression types as primitive Hosoya

12. Possible solutions 1. Using a universal datatype 2. Using a newtype declarations 3. Using regular expression types as primitive 4. Using Type-Indexed rows Shields

13. Hosoya’s approach

14. Why Regular Expression Types? Static typechecking: generated XML documents conform to DTD Or: invalid documents can never arise For example: A must have at least one

15. Why Regular Expression Patterns? Convenient programming constructs for manipulating documents For instance, jump over arbitrary length data and extract specific data: type Person = person[Name,Email*,Tel?] match p with person[Name,Email+,Tel ] -> … …

16. XDuce: Values Primitives represent XML documents (trees) For example: person[name[“Joep”],email[“Joep@geevers.com”]]Joep@geevers.com I.e. a value is a sequence of nodes

17. XDuce: Regular Expression Types Types correspond to document schemas Familiar XML regular expressions: type Tel = tel[String] type Tels = Tel* type Recip = Bcc|Cc (Name, Tel*), Addr T? = T|() T+ = T,T*

18. Subtyping Many algebraic laws:  Associativity of concatenation and union: A|(B|C)  (A|B)|C  Commutativity of union: A|B  B|A These laws are crucial for XML processing, but lead to complicated specification

19. Subtyping Subtyping as set inclusion First define which values belong to type One type is a subtype of another if the former denotes a subset of the latter For example: (Name*, Tel*) <: (Name|Tel)*

20. Pattern Matching: Exhaustiveness type Person = person[Name,Email*,Tel?] match p with person[Name,Email+,Tel?] -> … person[Name,Email*,Tel] -> … Not exhaustive Use subtyping to check: the input type must be a subtype of the union of the pattern types

21. Pattern Matching: Irredundancy match p with person[Name,Email*,Tel?] -> … person[Name,Email+,Tel] -> … Second clause redundant A clause is redundant iff all the input values that can be matched by the pattern can also be matched by preceding patterns

22. Pattern Matching: Type Inference type Name = name[String] match (ps as Person*) with person[name[val n as String],Email*,Tel?],rest -> … Avoid excessive type annotations Use input type and pattern to infer types of  bare variables ( rest )  bound variables ( n )

23. Functions First-order functions (explicitly typed): fun f(P):T = e For example: fun tels(val ps as Person*):Tel* = match ps with person[Name,Email*,tel[val t]],rest -> tel[t],tels(rest) person[Name,Email*],rest -> tels(rest)

24. Higher-order Functions Functions as first-class citizen Why desireable?  Abstraction Not supported by XDuce What is needed?  Subtyping for arrow types So why not support higher-order functions?

25. Higher-order Functions Function definitions given by fixed set G G is used in T-APP (instead of standard rule) Consequence: T-ABS fails Fix: redefine T-APP Type annotations needed for check of pattern match

26. Parametric Polymorphism Generic typing using vars instead of actual types Why desireable?  Abstraction from structure of problem What is needed?  Type abstraction  Type application So why no parametric polymorphism?

27. Parametric Polymorphism Problems: forall X. (U|X) -> (T|X) Pattern matching problems:  Exhaustiveness / irredundancy checks  Type inference Typing constraints cannot be represented forall X  {U,T}.(U|X) -> (T|X)

28. Conclusions Typed language with XML docs as primitive values Regular expression types are fundamental Regular expression pattern matching No higher-order functions No parametric polymorphism

29. Shields’ approach “It is required that content models in element type declarations be deterministic” Consequence 1: regular expressions must be 1-unambiguous Unions and unordered tuples are formed from distinct members. ( ( To, Bcc ) & (Bcc, To) )is 1-unambiguous ( (Bcc, To) & Bcc )is not ( (To | Bcc) & Bcc )is not

30. Shields’ approach “It is required that content models in element type declarations be deterministic” Consequence 2: possible to transform any XML element into a term: *sequencelist,tupletuple |union → type-indexed sum &unordered tuple → type-indexed product | and & are both formed from Type-Index Rows

31. Type-Indexed Rows A type-indexed row is a list of types Type constructors  Empty:Row  (_#_):Type → Row → Row For example: (Int # Bool # Empty)

32. Type-indexed product TIP:  (All _):Row → Type Type-indexed coproduct TIC:  (One _): Row → Type

33. Insertion Constraints Insertion constraints used to guarantee distinctness of elements: a ins (Int # Bool # Empty) constrains a to be any other than Int or Bool (List b) ins (Int # Bool # Empty) Is True

34. Type-indexed product TIP:  Triv:All Empty  (_ && _):extension forall (a: Type) (b: Row). a ins b => a → All b → All (a#b) Type-indexed coproduct TIC:  (Inj _):injection forall (a: Type) (b: Row). a ins b => a → One (a#b)

35. Let tuple = \(x && y && Triv). (x, y) In tuple (True && 1 && Triv) Type checking: Unify All(x#y#Empty) and All(Int#Bool#Empty) Under constraint: x ins (y#Empty) Overall term has type (Int, Bool) or (Bool, Int) !

36. Equality constraints ( c # d # Empty ) eq ( Int # Bool # Empty ) Propagates until sufficient information is found to be simplified

37. Simplifying constraints Simple unification:(a → Int) eq (Bool → b) a eq Bool, Int eq b Row unification:(Int # a # Empty) eq (Bool # b # Empty) (Int eq b), (a # Empty) eq (Bool # Empty) insertion:(a,b) ins (Bool # c # Empty) (a,b) ins (c # Empty)

38. Introducing fresh typenames Monomorphic: newtype xCoord = Int All (xCoord # Int # Empty) Polymorphic: newtype xCoord = \ (a:Type).a Allows same newtypes within a record!! Introduction opaque newtypes Type arguments are ignored in insertion constraints : newtype opaque xCoord = \(a:Type).a

39. XMLambda and UHConclusion Why regular expression types (Hosoya)?  Fundamental regular expression types  Powerful pattern matching  No higher order functions and polymorphism  Subtyping and parametric polymorphism? Why type indexed rows (Shields)?  Flexibility: more general than regular expression types  All nice characteristics of FP  Constraint system?