1. Video Standards NTSC - The Old Standard Digitized Video - On The Way MPEG - The New Standard Applications

2. NTSC - The Old Standard 1940/41: FCC forms NTSC (National Television System Committee) Field/frame rate: 60/30 Hz (PAL: 50/25) Lines: 525 interlaced (7x5 2 x3)  15.750 kHz Interlacing: bandwidth/flicker/resolution Synchronization by H/V sync pulses Video bandwidth: 4.2 MHz in 6 MHz channels Sound: FM @ 4.5 MHz (=2000/7 line rate)

3. Adding Color to NTSC Color encoding added to NTSC in 1953 Separation of Luma Y’ and Color Color coded on subcarrier @ 455/2 line rate Line rate adjusted by 1001/1000 Sound at 286 x line rate Drop frame time code Insufficient separation Dot crawl Hanging dots...

4. Color Theory for Video Gamma: Video operates in perceptional uniform space Graphics (should) operate in linear light space Luma not Luminance Y’  Y (from CIE) Color space: YUV? RGB, R’G’B’needs primaries and white point Y’ B’-Y’ R’-Y’ITU Rec. 601 or Rec. 709 color space Y’P B P R normalized to [-.5,.5] Y’C B C R smaller excursion, head room Y’UV, Y’IQNTSC only

5. Digitized Video 4f SC : Sampling rate 14.318 MHz (= 4x subcarrier freq.) Samples: 910 s/l, 768 s/al Easy reconstruction of color Everything is sampled Requires accurate phase control Perfect copies - used in studio D-2 tape standard No processing of video Different for NTSC, PAL, etc

6. Digitized Video ITU-R 601-4 (601): Sampling frequency: 13.5 MHz Common multiple of NTSC/PAL line rate (6x 2.5 MHz) Samples: NTSC:864 s/l720 s/al525 l PAL:858 s/l720 s/al625 l YC B C R Color Space Color subsampling 4:2:2 10bit standard (8bit mode) Ancillary data in H/V blanking intervals Interface: Parallel (SMPTE 125M) Serial (SDI, SMPTE 259M, 75Ω coax, 270 MHz)

7. Video Tape Formats Video tape made today’s TV possible Non-simultaneous transmission of events Formats: D13/4”, component, 4:2:2, 10bit, R. 601, Sony D23/4”, composite, 4f SC, 8bit, Sony D31/2”, composite, 4f SC, 8bit, Panasonic D51/2”, component, 4:2:2, 10bit, Panasonic D6HDTV on D1 tape, 1.2Gb/s, 8bit, Y’@76MHz DV, DVCAMdigit., 4:1:1, 8bit, 5:1 DV, 25 Mb/s DVPRO-50digit., 4:2:2, 8bit, 3.3:1 DV, 50 Mb/s Betacam SXdigit., 4:2:2, 8bit, 10:1, Studio-MPEG-2 Dig. Betacamdigit., 4:2:2, 10bit, 2:1

8. Use of Digital Video Applications: CD-I and Video-CD: MPEG-1 on CD with App. DVD: up to 17GB at <10Mb/s, MPEG-2 streams on UDF-filesystem, wide screen, multiple tracks, AC3 and AAC surround audio, multiple languages, area codes, copy protection, … ATSC/FCC: Digital TV DSS/DBV: ~30 Mb/s, MPEG-2 ML@MP, 544@480, NTSC feed to Satellite with real-time MPEG encoder DVB(EBU): MPEG-2, <15 Mb/s, AAC, Satellite, Cable, etc. Video on Demand: MPEG-2 on ATM Networks HDTV