1. 1 Observing Behavior at the Nanoscale using an Optical Microscope Eann Patterson Composite Vehicle Research Center Michigan State University

2. 2 Olympus IX70 Inverted Tissue Culture Microscope high resolution (1324x1024) 16-bit monochrome cooled CCD camera X60 objective (0.7 NA) 550nm with 45nm bandwidth Diaphragm aperture

3. 3 10  m dia (10,000nm) sphere ≡ 1/8 diameter of human hair wavelength of light (550nm) Diffraction Limit (220nm) 100nm dia  silica sphere ≡ 1/1000 human hair Resolving Nano-particles [Patterson & Whelan, Nanotechnology, 19(10)2008]

4. 4 condenser aperture diaphragm closed  condenser aperture diaphragm open   Composite images 100nm silica particle in 3D [Patterson & Whelan, Nanotechnology, 19(10)2008]

5. 5 Brownian motion of 300nm particles Silica particles in ethanol: field of view 140x100mm

6. 6 20000 nm Image of fibroblast cell in optical microscope using phase contrast with 100nm diameter nanoparticles

7. 7 20000 nm Image of fibroblast cell in optical microscope in nanoscope mode with 100nm diameter nanoparticles at t=0

8. 8 20000 nm Image of fibroblast cell in optical microscope nanoscope mode with 100nm diameter nanoparticles at t=100ms

9. 9 20000 nm 5000nm/100ms ≡ 50  m/s  2 m/hr Image of fibroblast cell in optical microscope nanoscope mode with 100nm diameter nanoparticles at t=100ms

10. 10 Acknowledgements Professor Maurice P. Whelan “Nothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a new instrument.” Elements of Chemical Philosophy (1812), in J. Davy (ed.), The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy(1839-40), Vol. 4, 37.