1. Mohammed Aabed Sameh Awaideh Abdul-Rahman Elshafei

2. Arabic Diacritics حركات Based Steganography Steganography is the ability of hiding information in redundant bits of any unremarkable cover media. This presentation will discuss new Arabic text steganography schemes. IntroductionBackgroundProposed ApproachResults & Analysis

4. Difficulties of Text Steganography In steganography, the cover media used to hide the message can be text, image, video or audio files. Using text media for this purpose is considered the hardest ! Text data does not have much needless information within the essential data. Fig. 1: Data Hiding in Binary Text Documents

5. Previous Techniques Many techniques have been proposed for text steganography that are mostly graphical in nature: 1. Line shifting: Text is divided into lines. Implementing 1 is by shifting the line a small fraction that can’t be detected by the bare eye. Implementing a 0 means keeping the line as is. 2. Word shifting: Same as previous but text is divided into words. 3. Word horizontal shifting: Same as previous approach but words are shifted left and right to indicate bits. Original Text: We are embedding a ‘b’ using horizontal word shifting. Modified Text: We are embedding a ‘b’ using horizontal word shifting. Hiding ‘b’ = 0x62 = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 b 4. White space manipulation: White spaces at the end of the line are not apparent. 5. HTML formatting: HTML syntax is case insensitive. This can be used to hide information.

6. Previous Techniques Other variations for the previous techniques are proposed. Pointed letters shifting. Kashida insertion. Some approaches consider the syntactic structure of the language used. ‘Run’ can be used instead of ‘sprint’ to mean something. In summary the previous techniques tackle one of two areas: Limitations of human sight. Specific language grammar.

7. Arabic Based Steganography Arabic language is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. (270 million speakers). It contains 28 alphabet characters; 15 of which have points. اللٌّغَةُ Characters with no points Characters with one point Characters with two points Characters with three points أ ح د ر س ص ط ع ك ل م هـ و ب ج خ ذ ز ض ظ غف نب ج خ ذ ز ض ظ غف ن ت ق يت ق يث شث ش Fig. 2: Arabic Alphabet

8. Previous Approaches Vertical displacement of the points in the Arabic alphabet to hide information. Using letter points and extensions to hide data. Fig. 3: Using vertical displacement to hide data (M. Hassan Shirali-Shahreza, Mohammad Shirali-Shahreza ) Fig. 4: Using extensions to hide data (A. Gutub )

10. Diacritics (Harakat – حركات ) Arabic language uses eight symbols as diacritical marks. It is used to alter the pronunciation of a phoneme or to distinguish between words of similar spelling. The use of diacritics in the text is optional in written Standard Arabic. Diacritics َ Fatha ً Tanwin Fatha ُ Damma ٌ Tanwin Damma ِ Kasra ٍ Tanwin Kasra ْ Sukun ّ Shadda Fig. 5: Arabic Diacritics

11. Statistics for Diacritics First we needed to find the average occurrences of diacritics in a fully diacritized Arabic document. Then we needed to compare these occurrences to find the best embedding technique available. Both ambiguity and capacity are important factors to consider. Fig. 6: Sample for diactrized Arabic text  حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ خُمَيْرٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ عَنْ أَوْسَطَ قَالَ خَطَبَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ فَقَالَ قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَقَامِي هَذَا عَامَ الْأَوَّلِ وَبَكَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ سَلُوا اللَّهَ الْمُعَافَاةَ أَوْ قَالَ الْعَافِيَةَ فَلَمْ يُؤْتَ أَحَدٌ قَطُّ بَعْدَ الْيَقِينِ أَفْضَلَ مِنْ الْعَافِيَةِ أَوْ الْمُعَافَاةِ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالصِّدْقِ فَإِنَّهُ مَعَ الْبِرِّ وَهُمَا فِي الْجَنَّةِ وَإِيَّاكُمْ وَالْكَذِبَ فَإِنَّهُ مَعَ الْفُجُورِ وَهُمَا فِي النَّارِ وَلَا تَحَاسَدُوا وَلَا تَبَاغَضُوا وَلَا تَقَاطَعُوا وَلَا تَدَابَرُوا وَكُونُوا إِخْوَانًا كَمَا أَمَرَكُمْ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى  حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ وَأَبُو عَامِرٍ قَالَا حَدَّثَنَا زُهَيْرٌ يَعْنِي ابْنَ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ يَعْنِي ابْنَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَقِيلٍ عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ رِفَاعَةَ بْنِ رَافِعٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ عَنْ أَبِيهِ رِفَاعَةَ بْنِ رَافِعٍ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ يَقُولُ عَلَى مِنْبَرِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ فَبَكَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ حِينَ ذَكَرَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ سُرِّيَ عَنْهُ ثُمَّ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ فِي هَذَا الْقَيْظِ عَامَ الْأَوَّلِ سَلُوا اللَّهَ الْعَفْوَ وَالْعَافِيَةَ وَالْيَقِينَ فِي الْآخِرَةِ وَالْأُولَى

12. Fig. 7: Statistics

14. Using Diacritics To Hide Data Analysis indicates that in standard Arabic the frequency of one diacritic, namely Fatha, is almost equal to the occurrence of the other seven diacritics. Assign a 1 to the diacritic Fatha and the remaining seven diacritics will represent a 0. Use a cover media that is empty of diacritics. Fig. 8: Diactrized and non-diactrized text

15.  To encode a value of 1 the algorithm looks for the first location where a Fatha can be placed and inserts the diacritic Fatha in the text.  Location determination is based on the rules defined by the Standard Arabic language grammar and syntax.  Or we can compare it to a copy of the cover media that is already diactrized (faster, and less complex) Syntactically Correct

16. Implementation Example Next, the algorithm looks for the next location where a Fatha can be placed if another 1 needs to be inserted and adds the Fatha. Otherwise, to insert a bit value of 0 the algorithm locates the first next position where any of the other diacritics can be inserted and adds that diacritic. This process is repeated for as long as there are bits remaining to be hidden. Fig. 9: Encoding the sequence 10101110101110000 using diacritics قـال الشيـخ الإمـام الـحـافظ أبـو عبـد الـلـه محمد بن إسماعيـل بن إبراهـيـم بن الـمـغيرة الـبخاري رحـمـه الـلـه تعـالـى آمـين Fig. 10: Encoding the same sequence using Kashida

17. Reusing The Cover Media The output file will have less diacritics than the original cover media (because of deletion). This means that reusing the same document more than once will mean less capacity. A research group at IBM has proposed techniques for restoration of Arabic diacritics based on maximum entropy. Fig. 11: Error rate in % for n-gram diacritic restoration

19. Results Compared to other techniques, capacity is the highest if a fully diactrized document is used as cover media. Ambiguity is dependent on the reader’s familiarity with Arabic language. Robustness is high since it can withstand: Printing Retyping Font changing OCR File Type File Size (Bytes) Cover Size (Bytes) Capacity (%).txt10,356318,6323.250 %.wav43,4681,334,8653.256 %.jpg23,796717,1353.318 %.cpp10,356318,2163.254 % Average3.27 % File Type File Size (Bytes) Cover Size (Bytes) Capacity (%).txt44393651811.215 %.html44393785891.172 %.cpp101277995771.266 %.gif188151121.244 % Average1.22 % Table 1: Diacritics Technique Table 2: Kashida Technique

20. Analysis Advantages Approach is easily implemented using software. It produces high capacity. Can be modified for more ambiguity (Use one of the diacritics as dummy diacritic, or as a switching diacritic) Fairly robust. Can withstand OCR, retyping, printing and font changing. Disadvantages Medium to low ambiguity. Sending Arabic message with diacritics might raise suspicions nowadays. Arabic font has different encodings on different machines, can be computer dependant.