1. Particles integrate the field H.S. Hudson UC Berkeley

4. Tutorial 0 Only particle measurements can really show field lines Velocity distribution functions show that the plasma invariably has a tail of energetic particles

5. Tutorial 1 Larmor radii Debye lengths Inertial scales Ranges

6. Tutorial 2 Adiabatic invariants of motion - Mirror (OK in corona) - Bounce (OK in corona sometimes) - Drift (Doesn’t work in corona)

7. Tutorial 3 Non-adiabatic motions (guiding-center drifts) Electrons in space Flares, jets, etc.

13. Conclusions Energetic particles define field lines “Marker” flares/type IIIs occur Energetic electrons detectable at 1 A.U. can originate deep in the atmosphere, and arrive immediately Therefore, the particles can provide an exact integral of the corona/SW field

14. Program Link heliospheric particle measurements with what happens at the Sun - Direct connectivity for open field lines - Morphology of active regions with radio signatures Compare this new information about connectivity with what we learn about coronal B Answer the question, “Can we close the universe with magnetic energy?”